Quantification of β-Cyfluthrin Residues on Field-Grown Kale and Collards Greens

George Fouad Antonious

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12

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Quantification of β-Cyfluthrin Residues on Field-Grown Kale and Collards Greens

George Fouad Antonious^*

Published in International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 1)

Received: 7 November 2025 Accepted: 12 January 2026 Published: 11 February 2026

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Abstract

Pyrethroids such as β-cyfluthrin are synthetic analogues of the natural pyrethrins that are extracted from the flower of Pyrethrums (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and C. coccineum). β-cyfluthrin is a commonly used insecticide on brassica leaves to control insects attack such as Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera families for better crop yield and quality. A field study was conducted to investigate the dissipation pattern of β-cyfluthrin on collard and kale leaves following spraying of the commercial formulation Baythroid® XL. The objectives of the study were to determine the dissipation constants and half-life (T½) values of β-cyfluthrin on kale and collard grown under field conditions and to determine the workers' re-entry time following β-cyfluthrin spraying for workers and consumer safety. Following spraying, residues of β-cyfluthrin were extracted from the leaves using ethyl acetate and cleaned up through an open glass chromatographic column packed with Florisil. Quantification and confirmation of the insecticide residues were carried out using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (GC/ECD) and a GC equipped with a mass selective detector (GC/MSD), respectively. The method successfully separated the 4 isomers of β-cyfluthrin, revealing the molecular ion fragments at m/z of 127, 163, 206, and 226, respectively. Following spraying, the initial residues (sum of isomers) of β-cyfluthrin were lower on collard (9.5 µg g^-1) than on kale leaves (28.8 µg g^-1 fresh leaves). The study revealed a greater T_1/2 value of 8.2 days of β-cyfluthrin on collard than on kale leaves (5.1 days).

Published in	International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12
Page(s)	12-22
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Baythroid ®XL, Mass Selective Detector, Initial Residues, Dissipation Constant, Half-lives

References

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[2]	Tomlin, C. D. (2009). The Pesticide Manual, British Crop Council. β-cyfluthrin Insecticide, pp. 265-267.
[3]	UK Growers Guide (2024). University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service. Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers (2024-2025); University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment: Lexington, KY, USA. https://publications.ca.uky.edu/files/ID36.pdf
[4]	Hammann, I., and Fuchs, R. (1981): Baythroid®, a new insecticide Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer 34, 121-151.
[5]	Antonious, G. F. (2022). Monitoring the persistence of devrinol, diazinon, and trifluralin residues in soil following the application of organic amendments. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences (IJAAS), 2022; 8(3): 104-112. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20220803.11
[6]	Antonious G. F., Snyder J. C., and Patel G. (2001). Pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide residues on potato and in soil under field conditions. Journal of Environmental Science and Health B36(3): 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1081/PFC-100103568
[7]	Hungenberg, H. and Leicht, W. (2009). Efficacy of cyfluthrin (Baythroid®, Baythroid XL®, Bulldock ®) against susceptible and resistant insects. Bayer Crop Science Journal, 62/2009, 2.
[8]	Antonious, GF, Turley, E., Mutari, A., and Snyder JC. (2016). Dissipation, half-lives, and mass spectrometric identification of chlorpyrifos and its two metabolites on field-grown collard and kale. J. Environmental Science and Health, Part B published pages 1-5. http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/SBbFzWtjqXwUeaN4RGTa/full
[9]	Wkinformation (2022). Global beta cyfluthrin market insight. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/global-beta-cyfluthrin-market-insight-wkinformation/
[10]	NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center. (2014). NIST Chemistry WebBook [Data set]. U.S. Secretary of Commerce. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C68359375&Mask=200
[11]	Ramarao, G. V. and Goud, R. (2018). Dissipation pattern and accumulation of lambda-cyfluthrin and beta-cyfluthrin in tomato. Indian J, Entomology 80, 3, 777-781.
[12]	Dikshit, A. K., Lal, O. P., Sinha, S. R., and Srivastava, Y. N. (2002). Safely evaluation, persistence and bioefficacy of imidacloprid and beta-cyfluthrin on okra. Part II. Pestology, 20, 7, 30-37.
[13]	Sharma, I. D., Nargaeta, D. S., Chandel, R. S. and Sharma, K. C. (2003). Bioefficacy and persistence of beta-cyfluthrin in or on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 73(9): 518-520. https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/5c2bf19c-5c7f-4616-bbdf-d15895b8333a/content#page=53
[14]	Singh, R., Patyal, S. K., Dubey, J. K. and Nath, A. (2003). Persistence of beta-cyfluthrin on cabbage and cauliflower. Pestology, 27: 26-28.
[15]	SAS Institute Inc. (2003). SAS/STAT guide (Version 9.1.3). SAS Institute Inc.
[16]	European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Bellisai, G., Bernasconi, G., Brancato, A., Carrasco Cabrera, L., Ferreira, L., Giner, G., Greco, L., Jarrah, S., Kazocina, A., et al. (2021). Reasoned opinion on the review of the existing maximum residue levels for beta-cyfluthrin and cyfluthrin according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. EFSA Journal, 19(3), Article e6837. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6837
[17]	Kumar, P., Brar, P. K., Kang, B. K., and Sharma, N. (2024). Dissipation kinetics, dietary risk assessment and decontamination studies of tolfenpyrad in okra. J. Food Composition and Analysis 131, 106252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2024.106252

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APA Style

Antonious, G. F. (2026). Quantification of β-Cyfluthrin Residues on Field-Grown Kale and Collards Greens. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 12(1), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12

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ACS Style

Antonious, G. F. Quantification of β-Cyfluthrin Residues on Field-Grown Kale and Collards Greens. Int. J. Appl. Agric. Sci. 2026, 12(1), 12-22. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12

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AMA Style

Antonious GF. Quantification of β-Cyfluthrin Residues on Field-Grown Kale and Collards Greens. Int J Appl Agric Sci. 2026;12(1):12-22. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12,
  author = {George Fouad Antonious},
  title = {Quantification of β-Cyfluthrin Residues on Field-Grown Kale and Collards Greens},
  journal = {International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {12-22},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijaas.20261201.12},
  abstract = {Pyrethroids such as β-cyfluthrin are synthetic analogues of the natural pyrethrins that are extracted from the flower of Pyrethrums (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and C. coccineum). β-cyfluthrin is a commonly used insecticide on brassica leaves to control insects attack such as Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera families for better crop yield and quality. A field study was conducted to investigate the dissipation pattern of β-cyfluthrin on collard and kale leaves following spraying of the commercial formulation Baythroid® XL. The objectives of the study were to determine the dissipation constants and half-life (T½) values of β-cyfluthrin on kale and collard grown under field conditions and to determine the workers' re-entry time following β-cyfluthrin spraying for workers and consumer safety. Following spraying, residues of β-cyfluthrin were extracted from the leaves using ethyl acetate and cleaned up through an open glass chromatographic column packed with Florisil. Quantification and confirmation of the insecticide residues were carried out using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (GC/ECD) and a GC equipped with a mass selective detector (GC/MSD), respectively. The method successfully separated the 4 isomers of β-cyfluthrin, revealing the molecular ion fragments at m/z of 127, 163, 206, and 226, respectively. Following spraying, the initial residues (sum of isomers) of β-cyfluthrin were lower on collard (9.5 µg g-1) than on kale leaves (28.8 µg g-1 fresh leaves). The study revealed a greater T1/2 value of 8.2 days of β-cyfluthrin on collard than on kale leaves (5.1 days).},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Quantification of β-Cyfluthrin Residues on Field-Grown Kale and Collards Greens
AU  - George Fouad Antonious
Y1  - 2026/02/11
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12
T2  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
SP  - 12
EP  - 22
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-7885
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12
AB  - Pyrethroids such as β-cyfluthrin are synthetic analogues of the natural pyrethrins that are extracted from the flower of Pyrethrums (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and C. coccineum). β-cyfluthrin is a commonly used insecticide on brassica leaves to control insects attack such as Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera families for better crop yield and quality. A field study was conducted to investigate the dissipation pattern of β-cyfluthrin on collard and kale leaves following spraying of the commercial formulation Baythroid® XL. The objectives of the study were to determine the dissipation constants and half-life (T½) values of β-cyfluthrin on kale and collard grown under field conditions and to determine the workers' re-entry time following β-cyfluthrin spraying for workers and consumer safety. Following spraying, residues of β-cyfluthrin were extracted from the leaves using ethyl acetate and cleaned up through an open glass chromatographic column packed with Florisil. Quantification and confirmation of the insecticide residues were carried out using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (GC/ECD) and a GC equipped with a mass selective detector (GC/MSD), respectively. The method successfully separated the 4 isomers of β-cyfluthrin, revealing the molecular ion fragments at m/z of 127, 163, 206, and 226, respectively. Following spraying, the initial residues (sum of isomers) of β-cyfluthrin were lower on collard (9.5 µg g-1) than on kale leaves (28.8 µg g-1 fresh leaves). The study revealed a greater T1/2 value of 8.2 days of β-cyfluthrin on collard than on kale leaves (5.1 days).
VL  - 12
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

George Fouad Antonious

School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, USA

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http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1109-4076

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APA Style

Antonious, G. F. (2026). Quantification of β-Cyfluthrin Residues on Field-Grown Kale and Collards Greens. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 12(1), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12

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ACS Style

Antonious, G. F. Quantification of β-Cyfluthrin Residues on Field-Grown Kale and Collards Greens. Int. J. Appl. Agric. Sci. 2026, 12(1), 12-22. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12

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AMA Style

Antonious GF. Quantification of β-Cyfluthrin Residues on Field-Grown Kale and Collards Greens. Int J Appl Agric Sci. 2026;12(1):12-22. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12,
  author = {George Fouad Antonious},
  title = {Quantification of β-Cyfluthrin Residues on Field-Grown Kale and Collards Greens},
  journal = {International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {12-22},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijaas.20261201.12},
  abstract = {Pyrethroids such as β-cyfluthrin are synthetic analogues of the natural pyrethrins that are extracted from the flower of Pyrethrums (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and C. coccineum). β-cyfluthrin is a commonly used insecticide on brassica leaves to control insects attack such as Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera families for better crop yield and quality. A field study was conducted to investigate the dissipation pattern of β-cyfluthrin on collard and kale leaves following spraying of the commercial formulation Baythroid® XL. The objectives of the study were to determine the dissipation constants and half-life (T½) values of β-cyfluthrin on kale and collard grown under field conditions and to determine the workers' re-entry time following β-cyfluthrin spraying for workers and consumer safety. Following spraying, residues of β-cyfluthrin were extracted from the leaves using ethyl acetate and cleaned up through an open glass chromatographic column packed with Florisil. Quantification and confirmation of the insecticide residues were carried out using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (GC/ECD) and a GC equipped with a mass selective detector (GC/MSD), respectively. The method successfully separated the 4 isomers of β-cyfluthrin, revealing the molecular ion fragments at m/z of 127, 163, 206, and 226, respectively. Following spraying, the initial residues (sum of isomers) of β-cyfluthrin were lower on collard (9.5 µg g-1) than on kale leaves (28.8 µg g-1 fresh leaves). The study revealed a greater T1/2 value of 8.2 days of β-cyfluthrin on collard than on kale leaves (5.1 days).},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Quantification of β-Cyfluthrin Residues on Field-Grown Kale and Collards Greens
AU  - George Fouad Antonious
Y1  - 2026/02/11
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12
T2  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences
SP  - 12
EP  - 22
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-7885
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20261201.12
AB  - Pyrethroids such as β-cyfluthrin are synthetic analogues of the natural pyrethrins that are extracted from the flower of Pyrethrums (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and C. coccineum). β-cyfluthrin is a commonly used insecticide on brassica leaves to control insects attack such as Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera families for better crop yield and quality. A field study was conducted to investigate the dissipation pattern of β-cyfluthrin on collard and kale leaves following spraying of the commercial formulation Baythroid® XL. The objectives of the study were to determine the dissipation constants and half-life (T½) values of β-cyfluthrin on kale and collard grown under field conditions and to determine the workers' re-entry time following β-cyfluthrin spraying for workers and consumer safety. Following spraying, residues of β-cyfluthrin were extracted from the leaves using ethyl acetate and cleaned up through an open glass chromatographic column packed with Florisil. Quantification and confirmation of the insecticide residues were carried out using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (GC/ECD) and a GC equipped with a mass selective detector (GC/MSD), respectively. The method successfully separated the 4 isomers of β-cyfluthrin, revealing the molecular ion fragments at m/z of 127, 163, 206, and 226, respectively. Following spraying, the initial residues (sum of isomers) of β-cyfluthrin were lower on collard (9.5 µg g-1) than on kale leaves (28.8 µg g-1 fresh leaves). The study revealed a greater T1/2 value of 8.2 days of β-cyfluthrin on collard than on kale leaves (5.1 days).
VL  - 12
IS  - 1
ER  -

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