| Peer-Reviewed

Simulation of Liquid Film Spreading on Tip of Spray Injector

Received: 9 March 2021     Accepted: 25 March 2021     Published: 1 April 2021
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

The behaviors of fuel films adhering to the tip of a fuel injector for automotive gasoline direct-injection engines was simulated by the computational fluid dynamics. Liquid film adhering to the tip of the fuel injector is a source of carbon deposits; the film spreads on the surfaces of the tip and remains there under certain wetting conditions. The deposit build-up can clog the injector nozzles, which can alter the spray pattern, furthermore, deposits on the tips of injectors are a source of particulate matter (PM) discharged from the engine. In order to prevent air pollution, it is essential to develop a technology to reduce PM. The spread of fuel adhering to the tip of a fuel injector was simulated using the moving particle semi-implicit method, and a previously developed particle/grid hybrid method was used to study the effects of spray plumes. The simulated distribution of the film qualitatively agreed with the measured distribution of carbon deposits. Fuel film formed on the concave and convex wall surfaces. The fuel film and carbon deposits were unevenly distributed in the air flow direction. Investigation of the behaviors of floating droplets around the tip between fuel injections revealed that the droplets were pulled toward the tip wall due to a reverse air flow generated by the fuel plumes ejected by the injector nozzles. These droplets then merged as a part of the fuel film, which spread toward the injection nozzles due to the air flow directed at the nozzles. Some of the film was sucked into the spray plumes and then re-injected into the air region again. The simulated fuel film behaviors on the tip qualitatively agreed with the measured ones. Furthermore, the simulation showed that optimizing the surface shape of the fuel injector tip, particularly the concave portion, is important for reducing particulate matter.

Published in International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (Volume 10, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijepe.20211002.11
Page(s) 30-36
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Fuel Spray, Fuel Injector, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Particulate Matter, Tip Wetting

References
[1] Huang, W., Moon, S., Wang, J., Murayama, K., Arima, T., Sasaki, Y., and Arioka, A. (2019). Nozzle Tip Wetting in Gasoline Direct Injection Injector and Its Link with Nozzle Internal Flow. Int. J. Engine Res., 21 (2), 340-351.
[2] Khan, M. M., Hélie, J., Gorokhovski, M, and Sheikh, N. A., (2017). Experimental and Numerical Study of Flash Boiling in Gasoline Direct Injection Sprays. Appl. Therm. Eng., 123, 377-389.
[3] Senda, J., Hojyo, Y., and Fujimoto, H., (1994). Modeling of Atomization Process in Flash Boiling Spray, International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. SAE Transactions, 103 (4), 1026-1040.
[4] Araneo, L. and Dondé, R., Flash Boiling in a Multihole G-DI Injector – Effects of the Fuel Distillation Curve. Fuel, 2017, 191 (1), 500-510.
[5] Nouri, J. M., Mitroglou, N., Yan, Y., and Arcoumanis, C. (2007). Internal Flow and Cavitation in a Multi-Hole Injector for Gasoline Direct-Injection Engines. SAE Technical Paper No. 2007-01-1405.
[6] Sou, A., Prasetya, R., Moon, S., Wada, Y., and Yokohata, H. (2016). Synchrotron X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging of Cavitation in Fuel Injector Nozzles with Various Sizes, 9th International Conference on Multiphase Flow. Proc. of ICMF-2016, May 22–27, Firenze, Italy.
[7] Sabathil, D., Schaffner, P., and Königstein, A. (2012). Efficient Application of Optical Measurements to Reduce the Particle Emission from Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines. 10th International Symposium on Combustion Diagnostics, May 22–23, Baden-Baden, Germany.
[8] Köpple, F., Jochmann, P., Kufferath, A. H., and Bargende, M. (2013). Investigation of the Parameters Influencing the Spray-Wall Interaction in a GDI Engine – Prerequisite for the Prediction of Particulate Emissions by Numerical Simulation. SAE Int. J. Engines, 6 (2), 911-925.
[9] Hirt, C. W. and Nichols, B. D. (1981). Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Dynamics of Free Boundaries. J. Comput. Phys., 39 (1), 201-225.
[10] Sussman, M. Smereka, P., and Osher, S. (1994). A Level Set Approach for Computing Solutions to Incompressible Two-Phase Flow. J. Comput. Phys., 114 (1), 146-159.
[11] Tanguy, S. and Berlemont, A. (2005). Application of a Level Set Method for Simulation of Droplet Collisions. Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 31 (9), pp. 1015–1035.
[12] Pan, Y. and Suga, K. (2004). Direct Simulation of Water Jet into Air. Proc. of 5th Int. Conf. on Multipase Flow, Yokohama, Japan, May 30–June 4, Paper No. 377.
[13] Koshizuka, S. and Oka, Y. (1996). Moving-Particle Semi-Implicit Method for Fragmentation of Incompressible Fluid. Nucl. Sci. Eng., 123 (3), 421-434.
[14] Gingold, R. A. and Monaghan, J. J. (1982). Kernel Estimates as a Basis for General Particle Methods in Hydrodynamics. J. Comput. Phys., 46 (3), 429-453.
[15] Ishii, E., Ishikawa, T., and Tanabe, Y. (2006). Hybrid Particle/Grid Method for Predicting Motion of Micro- and Macro-Free Surfaces. ASME J. Fluids Eng., 128 (5), 921-930.
[16] Ishii, E., Ishikawa, M., Sukegawa, Y., and Yamada, H. (2011) Secondary-Drop-Breakup Simulation Integrated with Fuel-Breakup Simulation near Injector Outlet. ASME J. Fluids Eng., 133 (8), 081302-1 - 081302-8.
[17] Ishii, E., Yoshimura, K., Yasukawa, Y., and Ehara, H. (2016) Late-Fuel Simulation near Nozzle Outlet of Fuel Injector During Closing Valve. ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 138 (10), 102801-1 - 102801-9.
[18] Yabe, T. and Aoki, T. (1996). A Dream to Solve Dynamics of All Materials Together. Proc. of International Conference on High-Performance Computing in Automotive Design, Engineering, and Manufacturing, Oct. 7–10, Paris, France, 2105-2108.
[19] Ishii, E. and Sugii, T. (2012). Surface Tension Model for Particle Method using Inter-Particle Force Derived from Potential Energy. ASME Paper No. FEDSM2012-72030, 569-578.
[20] Ishii, E. and Sugii, T. (2012). Spreading-Droplet Simulation With Surface Tension Model Using Inter-Particle Force in Particle Method. ASME Paper No. IMECE2013-62542.
[21] Wang, J., Wu, Y., Cao, Y., Li, G., and Liao, Y. (2020). Influence of Surface Roughness on Contact Angle Hysteris and Spreading Work. Colloid and Polymer Science, 298, 1107-1112.
[22] Reitz, R. D. (1987). Modeling Atomization Processes in High Pressure Vaporizing Sprays. At. Spray Technol., 3 (4), 309-337.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Eiji Ishii, Kazuki Yoshimura, Tomoyuki Hosaka. (2021). Simulation of Liquid Film Spreading on Tip of Spray Injector. International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, 10(2), 30-36. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20211002.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Eiji Ishii; Kazuki Yoshimura; Tomoyuki Hosaka. Simulation of Liquid Film Spreading on Tip of Spray Injector. Int. J. Energy Power Eng. 2021, 10(2), 30-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepe.20211002.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Eiji Ishii, Kazuki Yoshimura, Tomoyuki Hosaka. Simulation of Liquid Film Spreading on Tip of Spray Injector. Int J Energy Power Eng. 2021;10(2):30-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepe.20211002.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijepe.20211002.11,
      author = {Eiji Ishii and Kazuki Yoshimura and Tomoyuki Hosaka},
      title = {Simulation of Liquid Film Spreading on Tip of Spray Injector},
      journal = {International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering},
      volume = {10},
      number = {2},
      pages = {30-36},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijepe.20211002.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20211002.11},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepe.20211002.11},
      abstract = {The behaviors of fuel films adhering to the tip of a fuel injector for automotive gasoline direct-injection engines was simulated by the computational fluid dynamics. Liquid film adhering to the tip of the fuel injector is a source of carbon deposits; the film spreads on the surfaces of the tip and remains there under certain wetting conditions. The deposit build-up can clog the injector nozzles, which can alter the spray pattern, furthermore, deposits on the tips of injectors are a source of particulate matter (PM) discharged from the engine. In order to prevent air pollution, it is essential to develop a technology to reduce PM. The spread of fuel adhering to the tip of a fuel injector was simulated using the moving particle semi-implicit method, and a previously developed particle/grid hybrid method was used to study the effects of spray plumes. The simulated distribution of the film qualitatively agreed with the measured distribution of carbon deposits. Fuel film formed on the concave and convex wall surfaces. The fuel film and carbon deposits were unevenly distributed in the air flow direction. Investigation of the behaviors of floating droplets around the tip between fuel injections revealed that the droplets were pulled toward the tip wall due to a reverse air flow generated by the fuel plumes ejected by the injector nozzles. These droplets then merged as a part of the fuel film, which spread toward the injection nozzles due to the air flow directed at the nozzles. Some of the film was sucked into the spray plumes and then re-injected into the air region again. The simulated fuel film behaviors on the tip qualitatively agreed with the measured ones. Furthermore, the simulation showed that optimizing the surface shape of the fuel injector tip, particularly the concave portion, is important for reducing particulate matter.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Simulation of Liquid Film Spreading on Tip of Spray Injector
    AU  - Eiji Ishii
    AU  - Kazuki Yoshimura
    AU  - Tomoyuki Hosaka
    Y1  - 2021/04/01
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20211002.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepe.20211002.11
    T2  - International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
    JF  - International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
    JO  - International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
    SP  - 30
    EP  - 36
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2326-960X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20211002.11
    AB  - The behaviors of fuel films adhering to the tip of a fuel injector for automotive gasoline direct-injection engines was simulated by the computational fluid dynamics. Liquid film adhering to the tip of the fuel injector is a source of carbon deposits; the film spreads on the surfaces of the tip and remains there under certain wetting conditions. The deposit build-up can clog the injector nozzles, which can alter the spray pattern, furthermore, deposits on the tips of injectors are a source of particulate matter (PM) discharged from the engine. In order to prevent air pollution, it is essential to develop a technology to reduce PM. The spread of fuel adhering to the tip of a fuel injector was simulated using the moving particle semi-implicit method, and a previously developed particle/grid hybrid method was used to study the effects of spray plumes. The simulated distribution of the film qualitatively agreed with the measured distribution of carbon deposits. Fuel film formed on the concave and convex wall surfaces. The fuel film and carbon deposits were unevenly distributed in the air flow direction. Investigation of the behaviors of floating droplets around the tip between fuel injections revealed that the droplets were pulled toward the tip wall due to a reverse air flow generated by the fuel plumes ejected by the injector nozzles. These droplets then merged as a part of the fuel film, which spread toward the injection nozzles due to the air flow directed at the nozzles. Some of the film was sucked into the spray plumes and then re-injected into the air region again. The simulated fuel film behaviors on the tip qualitatively agreed with the measured ones. Furthermore, the simulation showed that optimizing the surface shape of the fuel injector tip, particularly the concave portion, is important for reducing particulate matter.
    VL  - 10
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Center for Technology Innovation, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hitachi, Japan

  • Center for Technology Innovation, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hitachi, Japan

  • Center for Technology Innovation, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hitachi, Japan

  • Sections