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Identification and Classification of Sand Flies Species and It’s Habitats in El-Kadaba Village, White Nile State, Sudan

Received: 28 December 2016     Accepted: 31 January 2017     Published: 24 February 2017
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Abstract

Sand flies are a group of dipterans insects belonging to the subfamily Phlebotomine, family Psychodidae. Members of sand flies are delicate and can be easily recognized by their brownish colour, small size (1.5-2.5 mm), hairy appearance, long slender legs, jerky flight pattern and the characteristic manner in which they hold their pointed wings at an angle of 45° above their body. In this study, an entomological survey was carried out during June 2008 in El-Kadaba village (White Nile State, Sudan) to determine sandfly fauna and to identify sand flies vector(s). Sandflies were collected using sticky paper and light traps. Ten species of sandflies were recorded, three Phlebotomus species and seven Sergentomyia species of these sandflies, P. rodhaini was collected only from Acacia seyal/Balanitiesaegyptiaca at the Island whereas S. hunti was collected from the Acacia nilotica forest only of the total collections, P. orientalis representing 3.80% (248 specimens) of the total collection and P. papatasiwere 3.11% of the collection. The abundant species recorded in the area were S. sqaumipluer is (39.76%), S. clydei (25.89%) and S. antennatus (12.39%). Phlebotomusorientalis were collected significantly in higher numbers from the Island (Acacia/Balanities thicket) (5.50±0.98), than the village (3.25±0.72). According to results of this study we recommended the following: more studies must be done in future to cover all the belt of sand flies to determine all species of sand flies in Sudan. Annually Entomological survies must be done to determine density of Sandfly Vectors and Encourage the use of personal protection tools (ITNs), repellents, and improving of houses to avoid bite of sand fly.

Published in International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy (Volume 2, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijidt.20170201.14
Page(s) 15-21
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Habitats, Trap, Significant, Collection, Leishmaniasis, El-Kadaba Village

References
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[6] Cameron, M. M., Davies, C. R., MonjeVillaseca, P., Ogusuku, K. and Lianos-Cuentos, A. (1994). Comparative activity of Phlebotomine sandflies in different crops in the Peruvian Andes. Bulletinof Entomological Research, 84: 461-467.
[7] Davies, G. R. (1988). Outlines of Entomology. 17 edition, 408 PP, Chapman and Hall, London, New York.
[8] Lewis, D. J. (1973). Phlebotomidae and Psychodidae (sandflies and moth-flies). PP.155-180. In: Insect and other Arthropods of Medical Importance (eds. Smith K. G. V.). The Trustees of the BritishMuseum (Natural History), London.
[9] Ready, P. D. (1979). Factors affecting egg population of laboratory bred Lutzomyialongipalpis (Diptera; Psychodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 16: 413-423.
[10] Dinesh, D. S., Ranjan, A., Palit, A., Kishore, K. &Kar, S. K. (2001). Seasonal and nocturnal landing/biting behaviour of Phlebotomusargentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 95: 197-202.
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[13] Seccombe, A. K., Ready, P. D. and Huddleston, L. M. (1993). A catalogue of Old WorldPhlebotomine sandflies (Diptera; Psychodidae; Phlebotominae). Occasional papers on Systematic Entomology No. 8, Department of Entomology, The NaturalHistoryMuseum 57 pp.
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[15] Hassan M. M., Elraba’a, F. M. A., Ward, R. D., Maingon, R. and D. A. Elnaiem (2004). Detection of high in-village transmission of Leishmaniadonovaniin eastern Sudan. ActaTropica, 92 (1): 77-82.
[16] Hassan, M. M., Widaa, S. O., Ibrahim, M. A., Abu Shara, R., Osman, O. M., Numairy, M. S. M. and El Khidir, E. T. M. (2007). Studies on the ecology of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sudan: the first records of Phlebotomusorientalis and P. rodhaini in northern Sudan. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 101 (7): 653–655.
[17] Hassan, M. M., Elamin, W. M. and Mukhtar, M. M. (2008). Isolation and identification of Leishmaniadonovani from Phlebotomusorientalis, in an area of eastern Sudan with endemic visceral leishmaniasis. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 102 (6), 1–3.
[18] El-Sayed, S. M., El Raaba, F. M. and Abd el Nur, O. (1991). Daily and seasonal activities of some sandflies from Surrugia village, Khartoum, Sudan. Parassitologia, 33 (Suppl): 205-15.
[19] Elnaiem, D. A., Hassan, K. H., Ward, R. D., Miles, M. A. and Frame, I. A. (1998a). Infection rates of Leishmaniadonovani in Phlebotomusorientalis from visceral Leishmaniasis focus eastern Sudan. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 92: 229.
[20] Thamson, M. C., Elnaiem, D. A., Ashford, R. W. and Conner, S. J. (1999). The develoment of kala-azar risk map for Sudan: Mapping the potential distribution of Phlebotomusorientalis using digital data of environmental variables. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 4: 105-113.
[21] Elnaiem, D. A., Hassan, K. H., and Ward, R. D. (1997). Phlebotomine sandflies in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in a border area of eastern Sudan. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 91: 307-318.
[22] Lambert, M., Deruere, J., El-Safi, S. H., Bucheton, B., Dessein, A., Boni, M., Feugier, E. and Dedet, J. P. (2002). The sandfly fauna in the visceral-leishmaniasis focus of Gedaref, in the Atbara-River area of eastern Sudan. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 96 (6): 631-636.
[23] El-Hassan A. M and Zijlstra, E. E. (2001a). Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 95 (Suppl 1): S1-17. 232.
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[25] Ashford, R. W., Seaman, J. and Schorscher, J. (1992). Epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in southern Sudan: identification and systematic position of the parasites from patients and vectors. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 86: 379-380.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Belal Abdallah Ahmed Adam, Moawia Mukhtar Hassan, Osman Mohammed Abdelnour, Ahmed Hamid Awadallah. (2017). Identification and Classification of Sand Flies Species and It’s Habitats in El-Kadaba Village, White Nile State, Sudan. International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 2(1), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20170201.14

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    ACS Style

    Belal Abdallah Ahmed Adam; Moawia Mukhtar Hassan; Osman Mohammed Abdelnour; Ahmed Hamid Awadallah. Identification and Classification of Sand Flies Species and It’s Habitats in El-Kadaba Village, White Nile State, Sudan. Int. J. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2017, 2(1), 15-21. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20170201.14

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    AMA Style

    Belal Abdallah Ahmed Adam, Moawia Mukhtar Hassan, Osman Mohammed Abdelnour, Ahmed Hamid Awadallah. Identification and Classification of Sand Flies Species and It’s Habitats in El-Kadaba Village, White Nile State, Sudan. Int J Infect Dis Ther. 2017;2(1):15-21. doi: 10.11648/j.ijidt.20170201.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijidt.20170201.14,
      author = {Belal Abdallah Ahmed Adam and Moawia Mukhtar Hassan and Osman Mohammed Abdelnour and Ahmed Hamid Awadallah},
      title = {Identification and Classification of Sand Flies Species and It’s Habitats in El-Kadaba Village, White Nile State, Sudan},
      journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy},
      volume = {2},
      number = {1},
      pages = {15-21},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijidt.20170201.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20170201.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijidt.20170201.14},
      abstract = {Sand flies are a group of dipterans insects belonging to the subfamily Phlebotomine, family Psychodidae. Members of sand flies are delicate and can be easily recognized by their brownish colour, small size (1.5-2.5 mm), hairy appearance, long slender legs, jerky flight pattern and the characteristic manner in which they hold their pointed wings at an angle of 45° above their body. In this study, an entomological survey was carried out during June 2008 in El-Kadaba village (White Nile State, Sudan) to determine sandfly fauna and to identify sand flies vector(s). Sandflies were collected using sticky paper and light traps. Ten species of sandflies were recorded, three Phlebotomus species and seven Sergentomyia species of these sandflies, P. rodhaini was collected only from Acacia seyal/Balanitiesaegyptiaca at the Island whereas S. hunti was collected from the Acacia nilotica forest only of the total collections, P. orientalis representing 3.80% (248 specimens) of the total collection and P. papatasiwere 3.11% of the collection. The abundant species recorded in the area were S. sqaumipluer is (39.76%), S. clydei (25.89%) and S. antennatus (12.39%). Phlebotomusorientalis were collected significantly in higher numbers from the Island (Acacia/Balanities thicket) (5.50±0.98), than the village (3.25±0.72). According to results of this study we recommended the following: more studies must be done in future to cover all the belt of sand flies to determine all species of sand flies in Sudan. Annually Entomological survies must be done to determine density of Sandfly Vectors and Encourage the use of personal protection tools (ITNs), repellents, and improving of houses to avoid bite of sand fly.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Identification and Classification of Sand Flies Species and It’s Habitats in El-Kadaba Village, White Nile State, Sudan
    AU  - Belal Abdallah Ahmed Adam
    AU  - Moawia Mukhtar Hassan
    AU  - Osman Mohammed Abdelnour
    AU  - Ahmed Hamid Awadallah
    Y1  - 2017/02/24
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20170201.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijidt.20170201.14
    T2  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
    JF  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
    JO  - International Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy
    SP  - 15
    EP  - 21
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-966X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijidt.20170201.14
    AB  - Sand flies are a group of dipterans insects belonging to the subfamily Phlebotomine, family Psychodidae. Members of sand flies are delicate and can be easily recognized by their brownish colour, small size (1.5-2.5 mm), hairy appearance, long slender legs, jerky flight pattern and the characteristic manner in which they hold their pointed wings at an angle of 45° above their body. In this study, an entomological survey was carried out during June 2008 in El-Kadaba village (White Nile State, Sudan) to determine sandfly fauna and to identify sand flies vector(s). Sandflies were collected using sticky paper and light traps. Ten species of sandflies were recorded, three Phlebotomus species and seven Sergentomyia species of these sandflies, P. rodhaini was collected only from Acacia seyal/Balanitiesaegyptiaca at the Island whereas S. hunti was collected from the Acacia nilotica forest only of the total collections, P. orientalis representing 3.80% (248 specimens) of the total collection and P. papatasiwere 3.11% of the collection. The abundant species recorded in the area were S. sqaumipluer is (39.76%), S. clydei (25.89%) and S. antennatus (12.39%). Phlebotomusorientalis were collected significantly in higher numbers from the Island (Acacia/Balanities thicket) (5.50±0.98), than the village (3.25±0.72). According to results of this study we recommended the following: more studies must be done in future to cover all the belt of sand flies to determine all species of sand flies in Sudan. Annually Entomological survies must be done to determine density of Sandfly Vectors and Encourage the use of personal protection tools (ITNs), repellents, and improving of houses to avoid bite of sand fly.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Shendi University, Faculty of Public Health, Environmental Health Department, Shendi Town, Sudan

  • Epidemiology Department, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Centre for Research, Khartoum Town, Sudan

  • Department of Entomology, National Laboratory, Khartoum Town, Sudan

  • Ministry of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rabak Town, Sudan

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