Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State

Ahmed Idriss Jajere; Ahmed Mahmud Jajere; Mustapha Bala Abubakar; Mailafia Samuel; Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere; Isa Mohammed Bammami

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State

Ahmed Idriss Jajere, Ahmed Mahmud Jajere, Mustapha Bala Abubakar, Mailafia Samuel, Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere, Isa Mohammed Bammami

Published in International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 6, Issue 4)

Received: 18 August 2021 Accepted: 1 September 2021 Published: 12 October 2021

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Abstract

Salmonella of poultry are zoonotic microorganisms transmitted to humans and other animals via contact with infected poultry feces, meat, eggs and formites. This study was conducted to phenotypically characterize Salmonella enterica from samples collected from chickens presented for slaughter in some selected Local Government Areas of Yobe State, Nigeria, as well as carry out antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibition concentration on the isolates. A cloacal swab and blood samples were collected and transported on ice pack to Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, University of Maiduguri and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella enterica. Samples were then inoculated onto Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar for morphological identification of Salmonella blackish colonies. A total of 600 (300 cloacal swab and 300 blood), consisting (202 males, 98 female chickens, 150 local and exotic each) were randomly sampled in 16 weeks for the isolation of Salmonella enterica. The presumptive Salmonella isolates were further characterized using the Microbact^TM GNB 24E System kit, with 40 randomly selected presumptive isolates (8 from blood and 32 from cloacal swab) tested using Microbact 24E GNB Computerize system, with 10 samples found to be positive for Salmonella organisms out of which 9 (22.5%) were from cloacal swab and 1 (2.5%) from blood. All the blood samples were tested for haemagglutination using slide method, 255 were found to be positive, where agglutination was observed. Where as only 8 (2.7%) were positives after blood culture 8 (2.67%). Exotic chickens showed the highest resistance level of (35%) to commonly used antibiotics (Amoxixillin and Ampicillin). The isolates from exotic chickens are susceptible to Ciprofloxacin 11 (68.8%), Ofloxacin 10 (62.5%), Gentamicin 2 (12.5%), Levofloxacin and Erythromycin 6 (37.5%), while intermediate to Norfloxacin 5 (31.3%) and Amoxicillin 7 (43.8%) but were resistant to Ampicillin 6 (37.5%%), Cefuroxime 10 (62.5%) and Amoxicillin 4 (25.0%). The MIC was carried out on all the 10 Salmonella isolated that showed positive on microbact 24E computerized system. All the 10 isolates from microbact 24E computerized system showed susceptibility to amoxicillin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin on MIC. The MIC of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was distributed within 0.00175–2 µg/ml each, and for amoxilin, the MIC ranged between 0.00175-3.00 µg/ml. It is therefore, concluded that Salmonella organisms phenotypically characterized in the study area had antimicrobial susceptibility to routinely used antimicrobial drugs. As a result, it is suggested that the medications with high susceptibility be used to treat poultry salmonellosis in the study area.

Published in	International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 6, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12
Page(s)	104-118
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Antimicrobial, Salmonella enterica, Minumum Inhibitory Concentration, Chickens

References

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Ahmed Idriss Jajere, Ahmed Mahmud Jajere, Mustapha Bala Abubakar, Mailafia Samuel, Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere, et al. (2021). Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 6(4), 104-118. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12

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Ahmed Idriss Jajere; Ahmed Mahmud Jajere; Mustapha Bala Abubakar; Mailafia Samuel; Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere, et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021, 6(4), 104-118. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12

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Ahmed Idriss Jajere, Ahmed Mahmud Jajere, Mustapha Bala Abubakar, Mailafia Samuel, Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere, et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State. Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;6(4):104-118. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12,
  author = {Ahmed Idriss Jajere and Ahmed Mahmud Jajere and Mustapha Bala Abubakar and Mailafia Samuel and Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere and Isa Mohammed Bammami},
  title = {Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State},
  journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {104-118},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20210604.12},
  abstract = {Salmonella of poultry are zoonotic microorganisms transmitted to humans and other animals via contact with infected poultry feces, meat, eggs and formites. This study was conducted to phenotypically characterize Salmonella enterica from samples collected from chickens presented for slaughter in some selected Local Government Areas of Yobe State, Nigeria, as well as carry out antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibition concentration on the isolates. A cloacal swab and blood samples were collected and transported on ice pack to Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, University of Maiduguri and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella enterica. Samples were then inoculated onto Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar for morphological identification of Salmonella blackish colonies. A total of 600 (300 cloacal swab and 300 blood), consisting (202 males, 98 female chickens, 150 local and exotic each) were randomly sampled in 16 weeks for the isolation of Salmonella enterica. The presumptive Salmonella isolates were further characterized using the MicrobactTM GNB 24E System kit, with 40 randomly selected presumptive isolates (8 from blood and 32 from cloacal swab) tested using Microbact 24E GNB Computerize system, with 10 samples found to be positive for Salmonella organisms out of which 9 (22.5%) were from cloacal swab and 1 (2.5%) from blood. All the blood samples were tested for haemagglutination using slide method, 255 were found to be positive, where agglutination was observed. Where as only 8 (2.7%) were positives after blood culture 8 (2.67%). Exotic chickens showed the highest resistance level of (35%) to commonly used antibiotics (Amoxixillin and Ampicillin). The isolates from exotic chickens are susceptible to Ciprofloxacin 11 (68.8%), Ofloxacin 10 (62.5%), Gentamicin 2 (12.5%), Levofloxacin and Erythromycin 6 (37.5%), while intermediate to Norfloxacin 5 (31.3%) and Amoxicillin 7 (43.8%) but were resistant to Ampicillin 6 (37.5%%), Cefuroxime 10 (62.5%) and Amoxicillin 4 (25.0%). The MIC was carried out on all the 10 Salmonella isolated that showed positive on microbact 24E computerized system. All the 10 isolates from microbact 24E computerized system showed susceptibility to amoxicillin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin on MIC. The MIC of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was distributed within 0.00175–2 µg/ml each, and for amoxilin, the MIC ranged between 0.00175-3.00 µg/ml. It is therefore, concluded that Salmonella organisms phenotypically characterized in the study area had antimicrobial susceptibility to routinely used antimicrobial drugs. As a result, it is suggested that the medications with high susceptibility be used to treat poultry salmonellosis in the study area.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State
AU  - Ahmed Idriss Jajere
AU  - Ahmed Mahmud Jajere
AU  - Mustapha Bala Abubakar
AU  - Mailafia Samuel
AU  - Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere
AU  - Isa Mohammed Bammami
Y1  - 2021/10/12
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12
T2  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
JF  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
JO  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
SP  - 104
EP  - 118
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9686
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12
AB  - Salmonella of poultry are zoonotic microorganisms transmitted to humans and other animals via contact with infected poultry feces, meat, eggs and formites. This study was conducted to phenotypically characterize Salmonella enterica from samples collected from chickens presented for slaughter in some selected Local Government Areas of Yobe State, Nigeria, as well as carry out antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibition concentration on the isolates. A cloacal swab and blood samples were collected and transported on ice pack to Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, University of Maiduguri and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella enterica. Samples were then inoculated onto Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar for morphological identification of Salmonella blackish colonies. A total of 600 (300 cloacal swab and 300 blood), consisting (202 males, 98 female chickens, 150 local and exotic each) were randomly sampled in 16 weeks for the isolation of Salmonella enterica. The presumptive Salmonella isolates were further characterized using the MicrobactTM GNB 24E System kit, with 40 randomly selected presumptive isolates (8 from blood and 32 from cloacal swab) tested using Microbact 24E GNB Computerize system, with 10 samples found to be positive for Salmonella organisms out of which 9 (22.5%) were from cloacal swab and 1 (2.5%) from blood. All the blood samples were tested for haemagglutination using slide method, 255 were found to be positive, where agglutination was observed. Where as only 8 (2.7%) were positives after blood culture 8 (2.67%). Exotic chickens showed the highest resistance level of (35%) to commonly used antibiotics (Amoxixillin and Ampicillin). The isolates from exotic chickens are susceptible to Ciprofloxacin 11 (68.8%), Ofloxacin 10 (62.5%), Gentamicin 2 (12.5%), Levofloxacin and Erythromycin 6 (37.5%), while intermediate to Norfloxacin 5 (31.3%) and Amoxicillin 7 (43.8%) but were resistant to Ampicillin 6 (37.5%%), Cefuroxime 10 (62.5%) and Amoxicillin 4 (25.0%). The MIC was carried out on all the 10 Salmonella isolated that showed positive on microbact 24E computerized system. All the 10 isolates from microbact 24E computerized system showed susceptibility to amoxicillin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin on MIC. The MIC of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was distributed within 0.00175–2 µg/ml each, and for amoxilin, the MIC ranged between 0.00175-3.00 µg/ml. It is therefore, concluded that Salmonella organisms phenotypically characterized in the study area had antimicrobial susceptibility to routinely used antimicrobial drugs. As a result, it is suggested that the medications with high susceptibility be used to treat poultry salmonellosis in the study area.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Ahmed Idriss Jajere

Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Gashua, Gashua, Nigeria
Ahmed Mahmud Jajere

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Mustapha Bala Abubakar

Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Mailafia Samuel

Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere

Department of Geography, Federal University Gashua, Gashua, Nigeria
Isa Mohammed Bammami

Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Damaturu, Nigeria

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Ahmed Idriss Jajere, Ahmed Mahmud Jajere, Mustapha Bala Abubakar, Mailafia Samuel, Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere, et al. (2021). Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 6(4), 104-118. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12

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Ahmed Idriss Jajere; Ahmed Mahmud Jajere; Mustapha Bala Abubakar; Mailafia Samuel; Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere, et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021, 6(4), 104-118. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12

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Ahmed Idriss Jajere, Ahmed Mahmud Jajere, Mustapha Bala Abubakar, Mailafia Samuel, Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere, et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State. Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;6(4):104-118. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12,
  author = {Ahmed Idriss Jajere and Ahmed Mahmud Jajere and Mustapha Bala Abubakar and Mailafia Samuel and Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere and Isa Mohammed Bammami},
  title = {Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State},
  journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {104-118},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20210604.12},
  abstract = {Salmonella of poultry are zoonotic microorganisms transmitted to humans and other animals via contact with infected poultry feces, meat, eggs and formites. This study was conducted to phenotypically characterize Salmonella enterica from samples collected from chickens presented for slaughter in some selected Local Government Areas of Yobe State, Nigeria, as well as carry out antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibition concentration on the isolates. A cloacal swab and blood samples were collected and transported on ice pack to Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, University of Maiduguri and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella enterica. Samples were then inoculated onto Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar for morphological identification of Salmonella blackish colonies. A total of 600 (300 cloacal swab and 300 blood), consisting (202 males, 98 female chickens, 150 local and exotic each) were randomly sampled in 16 weeks for the isolation of Salmonella enterica. The presumptive Salmonella isolates were further characterized using the MicrobactTM GNB 24E System kit, with 40 randomly selected presumptive isolates (8 from blood and 32 from cloacal swab) tested using Microbact 24E GNB Computerize system, with 10 samples found to be positive for Salmonella organisms out of which 9 (22.5%) were from cloacal swab and 1 (2.5%) from blood. All the blood samples were tested for haemagglutination using slide method, 255 were found to be positive, where agglutination was observed. Where as only 8 (2.7%) were positives after blood culture 8 (2.67%). Exotic chickens showed the highest resistance level of (35%) to commonly used antibiotics (Amoxixillin and Ampicillin). The isolates from exotic chickens are susceptible to Ciprofloxacin 11 (68.8%), Ofloxacin 10 (62.5%), Gentamicin 2 (12.5%), Levofloxacin and Erythromycin 6 (37.5%), while intermediate to Norfloxacin 5 (31.3%) and Amoxicillin 7 (43.8%) but were resistant to Ampicillin 6 (37.5%%), Cefuroxime 10 (62.5%) and Amoxicillin 4 (25.0%). The MIC was carried out on all the 10 Salmonella isolated that showed positive on microbact 24E computerized system. All the 10 isolates from microbact 24E computerized system showed susceptibility to amoxicillin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin on MIC. The MIC of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was distributed within 0.00175–2 µg/ml each, and for amoxilin, the MIC ranged between 0.00175-3.00 µg/ml. It is therefore, concluded that Salmonella organisms phenotypically characterized in the study area had antimicrobial susceptibility to routinely used antimicrobial drugs. As a result, it is suggested that the medications with high susceptibility be used to treat poultry salmonellosis in the study area.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State
AU  - Ahmed Idriss Jajere
AU  - Ahmed Mahmud Jajere
AU  - Mustapha Bala Abubakar
AU  - Mailafia Samuel
AU  - Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere
AU  - Isa Mohammed Bammami
Y1  - 2021/10/12
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12
T2  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
JF  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
JO  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
SP  - 104
EP  - 118
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9686
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.12
AB  - Salmonella of poultry are zoonotic microorganisms transmitted to humans and other animals via contact with infected poultry feces, meat, eggs and formites. This study was conducted to phenotypically characterize Salmonella enterica from samples collected from chickens presented for slaughter in some selected Local Government Areas of Yobe State, Nigeria, as well as carry out antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibition concentration on the isolates. A cloacal swab and blood samples were collected and transported on ice pack to Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, University of Maiduguri and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella enterica. Samples were then inoculated onto Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar for morphological identification of Salmonella blackish colonies. A total of 600 (300 cloacal swab and 300 blood), consisting (202 males, 98 female chickens, 150 local and exotic each) were randomly sampled in 16 weeks for the isolation of Salmonella enterica. The presumptive Salmonella isolates were further characterized using the MicrobactTM GNB 24E System kit, with 40 randomly selected presumptive isolates (8 from blood and 32 from cloacal swab) tested using Microbact 24E GNB Computerize system, with 10 samples found to be positive for Salmonella organisms out of which 9 (22.5%) were from cloacal swab and 1 (2.5%) from blood. All the blood samples were tested for haemagglutination using slide method, 255 were found to be positive, where agglutination was observed. Where as only 8 (2.7%) were positives after blood culture 8 (2.67%). Exotic chickens showed the highest resistance level of (35%) to commonly used antibiotics (Amoxixillin and Ampicillin). The isolates from exotic chickens are susceptible to Ciprofloxacin 11 (68.8%), Ofloxacin 10 (62.5%), Gentamicin 2 (12.5%), Levofloxacin and Erythromycin 6 (37.5%), while intermediate to Norfloxacin 5 (31.3%) and Amoxicillin 7 (43.8%) but were resistant to Ampicillin 6 (37.5%%), Cefuroxime 10 (62.5%) and Amoxicillin 4 (25.0%). The MIC was carried out on all the 10 Salmonella isolated that showed positive on microbact 24E computerized system. All the 10 isolates from microbact 24E computerized system showed susceptibility to amoxicillin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin on MIC. The MIC of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was distributed within 0.00175–2 µg/ml each, and for amoxilin, the MIC ranged between 0.00175-3.00 µg/ml. It is therefore, concluded that Salmonella organisms phenotypically characterized in the study area had antimicrobial susceptibility to routinely used antimicrobial drugs. As a result, it is suggested that the medications with high susceptibility be used to treat poultry salmonellosis in the study area.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

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