Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Assessment of the Polluting Status of Sludge from a Physicochemical Water Purification Unit and Their Impacts on the Soil: Case of the Yato Station (Littoral-Cameroon)

Received: 12 January 2024     Accepted: 5 February 2024     Published: 27 February 2024
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

The Yato physicochemical water purification station is located in Dibombari District Council in the Littoral-Cameroon region. It is one of the largest drinking water production stations in the Central African sub-region. This work aims to evaluate, through the quantification of the concentrations of Trace Metal Elements (TMEs), the polluting status of the sludge from this drinking water production station and their impacts on the soil. To achieve this objective, mixed samples of sludge from sludge treatment ponds (taken according to the technique described in GIDS-A003 point 6 as explained in the Solid and pasty waste sampling strategy of Code of Good Practice No. 2) and samples of sludge from primary settling basins (taken in transparent bottles in polyethylene terephthalate of 1.5L) were analysed. Likewise, three soil wells were carried out and soil samples were taken on two levels of alteration then sent to the laboratory where physicochemical and TME analyses were carried out. The characteristics of the samples that were analysed are: particle size, texture (sand, silt, clay), physiochemistry (pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, phosphorus, nitrogen) and TME (chromium, copper, zinc, manganese). The results obtained show that the polluting status of the sludge from the Yato station is proven because their pollution index by heavy metals is greater than 1. The pollution index greater than 1 in the sludge from the treatment basins is due to the strong concentrations of TME originating from the accumulation of waste of all kinds in this location. Overall, TME concentrations in soils decrease for the most part from the surface towards depth. All the TMEs studied (Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr) are present in all horizons. There is multiple contamination of sludge by TMEs because their pollution index is greater than 1 (IP>1). Although the sludge pollution indices are greater than 1, those of the different horizons are much lower than 1. Thus, since the TMEs decrease with depth, the subsurface horizons would be less affected by the pollutants contained in the station sludge. marking a real pollution of the surface layers.

Published in Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.jeece.20240901.13
Page(s) 23-32
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Yato, Sludge, Elements Metal Traces, Pollutant, Drinking Water

References
[1] Ako A. A, Eyong, G. E. T., Shimada, J., Koike, K., Hosono, T., Kimpei, I. et al. (2014). Nitrate Contamination of Groundwater in Two Areas of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (Banana Plain and Mount Cameroon Area). Applied Water Science, 4, 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0134-x
[2] Baize D., 1997 - Total contents of trace metal elements in soils (France). INRA Éditions, Paris. ISBN: 2-7380-0747-3.
[3] Baize D., 2020 - Reflections on earth and soil analyses. Soil Study and Management, 27, 351-359.
[4] Cherfouh Rabia, 2019. Long-term impacts of waste sludge and treated urban wastewater on agricultural soils in Corso wilaya of Boumerdes: Agronomic parameters, concentrations and speciations of metallic trace elements. Doctoral thesis. Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi-Ouzou - Algeria. https://www.ummto.dz/dspe/bstream/8900/-Cherfouh_2019.pdf?sequence=1
[5] Chon H, Ahn J, Jung MC. 1998. Seasonal variations and chemical forms of heavy metals in soil and dusts from the satellitecities of Seoul, Korea. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 20: 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006593708464
[6] Delvaux, B. Characterization of a weathering sequence of soils derived from volcanic ash in Cameroon. Taxonomic, mineralogical and agronomic implications. Geoderma. Volume 45. Issues 3-4, December 1989, Pages 375-388. http://doi.org/101016/j.jclepro2018.3.319/0016-7061(89)90017-7
[7] Deschamps, T, Benzaazoua. M, Bussière. B, Belem. T and Mbonimpa; M 2016. Mechanisms for the retention of heavy metals in the solid phase: the case of the stabilization of contaminated soils and industrial waste. Volume 7 Number 2 | September 2006 Africa facing sustainable development https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.2171
[8] Djatsa, K, Ndongo, B, Njila N. R, and Dongmo, K. A.. Influence of land use changes on groundwater quality – Bafoussam, West Cameroon. Water Practice & Technology Vol 18 No 5, 994 https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.077
[9] Djuikom E., Temgoua E, Jugnia L. B., Nola M and Baane M. Pollution bactériologique des puits d’eau utilisés par les populations dans la Communauté Urbaine de Douala – Cameroun. nt. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 3(5): 967-978, October 2009. http://ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs
[10] Ekengele Nga L., Mabrey Sadjo S., Zo'o Zame P. (2016). Assessment of metal contamination of soils exposed to car tires burning in Ngaoundere (Cameroon). J. Mater. Approximately. Sci. 7(12) (2016) 4633-4645 Issn: 2028-2508 Coden: Jmescn.
[11] El Addouli J, Chahlaoui A, Berrahaou A, Chafi A, Ennabili A, Karrouch L. 2009. Influence of wastewater used in irrigation on the water quality of Oued Bouishak- Meknes region (South-Central Morocco). Rev. Microbiol. Ind. San. Environment, 3(1); 56-75.
[12] Hieng I. O. Study of compressivity and shear parameters of sandy clay in the Douala region in Cameroon. Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences (2003).
[13] Hodomihou NR, Feder F, Masse D, Agbossou KE, Amadji GL, Ndour-Badiane Y, Doelsch E. (2016). Diagnosis of contamination of Dakar's peri-urban agrosystems by the elements etal traces. Biotechnology. Agron. Soc. Approx., 20(3): 1-11.
[14] Kjeldahl, “New method for determining nitrogen in organic bodies,” Éditions CWKreidelsverlag, 366p, 1883.
[15] Kopa I. T, Meddi M, Ammari A. Influence of mulches on soil moisture and water infiltration in the tomato crop. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 119/4, 1–16, Ljubljana 2023. https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2023.119.4.15748
[16] Lotse VPT, Mbog MB, Bitom-Mamdem L., Ngon Ngon GF, Edzoa RC, Tassongwa B., Bitom D., Etame J.,“Spatial distribution and evolution of pH as a function of cation exchange capacity, sum of exchangeable bases, organic matter and aluminum in the soils of Foumban.,” Applied and Environmental soil sciences, Volume 2023, Article ID 5172804, 11 pages https:/ /doi.org/10.1155/2023/5172804
[17] Mbouaka M. E. 2000. Study of the agronomic efficiency of household waste composts in Burkina Faso: case of the city of Ouagadougou. Engineering dissertation, Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso, 96p.
[18] Ousseini Zakaria Ibrahim, Abdourahamane Tankari Dan-Badjo, Yadji Guero, Farida Maissoro Malam Idi, Cyril Feidt, Thibault Sterckman and Guillaume Echevaria. Spatial distribution of metallic trace elements in the soils of the Komabangou gold zone in Niger. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 13(1): 557-573, February 2019. http://www.ifgdg.org
[19] Pauwels, J. M., E. van Ranst., M. Verloo, and A. MvondoZe. 1992. Manuel de Laboratoire de pédologie. Publications Agricoles N° 28. Bruxelles: AGCD.
[20] Perera WPRT,. Dayananda MDN R,. Dissanayake DMU C,. Rathnasekara RAS D, Botheju WSM, Liyanage JA, Weragoda SK, and Kularathne KAM. (2020). Risk Assessment of Trace Element Contamination in Drinking Water and Agricultural Soil: A Study in Selected Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) Endemic Areas in Sri Lanka. Journal of Chemistry. Volume 2021, Article ID 6627254, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6627254.
[21] Pierdet M (2020). Pesticide transfer process in soils. Doctoral thesis. Paris-Saclai University.
[22] Programme National de Développement Participatif. 2015. Dibombari Communal Development Plan. https://www.google.com/url. Page Consulted on 07/10/2022
[23] Schofield R. K. and Taylor A. W., “The measurement of soil pH,” Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 19: 164-167, 1955.
[24] Smouni A, Ater M, Auguy F, Laplaze L, El Mzibri M, Berhada F, Doumas P. 2010. Évaluation de la contamination par les éléments-traces métalliques dans une zone minière du Maroc oriental. Cahiers Agricultures, 19(4): 273-279.
[25] Sneider Arnaud R. (2016°). Behavior and mobility of metallic trace elements in soils surrounding a secondary lead smelting plant, experimental approaches and modeling. Doctoral thesis, Reims Champagne-Ardenne. 234 Pages.
[26] Temgoua E. (2021). Cadmium and lead contents in compost amended oxisoils in the western highlands of Cameroon, Journal of Science and Environmental Management, 12(3), pp 107-114. http//www.academicjournals.org/JSSEM
[27] UNICEF, WHO, (2004). Achieve the MDG on drinking water and sanitation: mid-term progress assessment target. Geneva, 36 p.
[28] Walkley A., and Black I. A., “An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method,” Soil Sci. 37, pp29-37, 1994.
[29] Ye Lambienou, Lompo Désiré Jean Pascal, Sako Aboubakar and Nacro Hassan Bismarck. (2020). Evaluation of the trace metal element contents of soils subjected to the contribution of solid urban waste. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 14(9): 3361-3371, December 2020. ISSN 1997-342X, ISSN 1991-8631. http://www.ifgdg.org
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Djougo-Jantcheu, Y., Ndongo, B., Njila, R. N., Djatsa, K. N. (2024). Assessment of the Polluting Status of Sludge from a Physicochemical Water Purification Unit and Their Impacts on the Soil: Case of the Yato Station (Littoral-Cameroon). Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, 9(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240901.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Djougo-Jantcheu, Y.; Ndongo, B.; Njila, R. N.; Djatsa, K. N. Assessment of the Polluting Status of Sludge from a Physicochemical Water Purification Unit and Their Impacts on the Soil: Case of the Yato Station (Littoral-Cameroon). J. Energy Environ. Chem. Eng. 2024, 9(1), 23-32. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20240901.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Djougo-Jantcheu Y, Ndongo B, Njila RN, Djatsa KN. Assessment of the Polluting Status of Sludge from a Physicochemical Water Purification Unit and Their Impacts on the Soil: Case of the Yato Station (Littoral-Cameroon). J Energy Environ Chem Eng. 2024;9(1):23-32. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20240901.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.jeece.20240901.13,
      author = {Yolande Djougo-Jantcheu and Barthélémy Ndongo and Roger Ntankouo Njila and Kevin Nguedia Djatsa},
      title = {Assessment of the Polluting Status of Sludge from a Physicochemical Water Purification Unit and Their Impacts on the Soil: Case of the Yato Station (Littoral-Cameroon)},
      journal = {Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering},
      volume = {9},
      number = {1},
      pages = {23-32},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jeece.20240901.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240901.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeece.20240901.13},
      abstract = {The Yato physicochemical water purification station is located in Dibombari District Council in the Littoral-Cameroon region. It is one of the largest drinking water production stations in the Central African sub-region. This work aims to evaluate, through the quantification of the concentrations of Trace Metal Elements (TMEs), the polluting status of the sludge from this drinking water production station and their impacts on the soil. To achieve this objective, mixed samples of sludge from sludge treatment ponds (taken according to the technique described in GIDS-A003 point 6 as explained in the Solid and pasty waste sampling strategy of Code of Good Practice No. 2) and samples of sludge from primary settling basins (taken in transparent bottles in polyethylene terephthalate of 1.5L) were analysed. Likewise, three soil wells were carried out and soil samples were taken on two levels of alteration then sent to the laboratory where physicochemical and TME analyses were carried out. The characteristics of the samples that were analysed are: particle size, texture (sand, silt, clay), physiochemistry (pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, phosphorus, nitrogen) and TME (chromium, copper, zinc, manganese). The results obtained show that the polluting status of the sludge from the Yato station is proven because their pollution index by heavy metals is greater than 1. The pollution index greater than 1 in the sludge from the treatment basins is due to the strong concentrations of TME originating from the accumulation of waste of all kinds in this location. Overall, TME concentrations in soils decrease for the most part from the surface towards depth. All the TMEs studied (Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr) are present in all horizons. There is multiple contamination of sludge by TMEs because their pollution index is greater than 1 (IP>1). Although the sludge pollution indices are greater than 1, those of the different horizons are much lower than 1. Thus, since the TMEs decrease with depth, the subsurface horizons would be less affected by the pollutants contained in the station sludge. marking a real pollution of the surface layers.
    },
     year = {2024}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Assessment of the Polluting Status of Sludge from a Physicochemical Water Purification Unit and Their Impacts on the Soil: Case of the Yato Station (Littoral-Cameroon)
    AU  - Yolande Djougo-Jantcheu
    AU  - Barthélémy Ndongo
    AU  - Roger Ntankouo Njila
    AU  - Kevin Nguedia Djatsa
    Y1  - 2024/02/27
    PY  - 2024
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240901.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.jeece.20240901.13
    T2  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
    JF  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
    JO  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
    SP  - 23
    EP  - 32
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2637-434X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240901.13
    AB  - The Yato physicochemical water purification station is located in Dibombari District Council in the Littoral-Cameroon region. It is one of the largest drinking water production stations in the Central African sub-region. This work aims to evaluate, through the quantification of the concentrations of Trace Metal Elements (TMEs), the polluting status of the sludge from this drinking water production station and their impacts on the soil. To achieve this objective, mixed samples of sludge from sludge treatment ponds (taken according to the technique described in GIDS-A003 point 6 as explained in the Solid and pasty waste sampling strategy of Code of Good Practice No. 2) and samples of sludge from primary settling basins (taken in transparent bottles in polyethylene terephthalate of 1.5L) were analysed. Likewise, three soil wells were carried out and soil samples were taken on two levels of alteration then sent to the laboratory where physicochemical and TME analyses were carried out. The characteristics of the samples that were analysed are: particle size, texture (sand, silt, clay), physiochemistry (pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, phosphorus, nitrogen) and TME (chromium, copper, zinc, manganese). The results obtained show that the polluting status of the sludge from the Yato station is proven because their pollution index by heavy metals is greater than 1. The pollution index greater than 1 in the sludge from the treatment basins is due to the strong concentrations of TME originating from the accumulation of waste of all kinds in this location. Overall, TME concentrations in soils decrease for the most part from the surface towards depth. All the TMEs studied (Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr) are present in all horizons. There is multiple contamination of sludge by TMEs because their pollution index is greater than 1 (IP>1). Although the sludge pollution indices are greater than 1, those of the different horizons are much lower than 1. Thus, since the TMEs decrease with depth, the subsurface horizons would be less affected by the pollutants contained in the station sludge. marking a real pollution of the surface layers.
    
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon

  • Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon

  • Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon

  • Department of Rural Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon

  • Sections