Abstract
Blood is a crucial resource for modern healthcare, necessary for surgeries, trauma care, and treating various illnesses. However, many countries, particularly developing ones, face chronic blood shortages, which negatively affect patient care and outcomes. Health professionals, due to their medical expertise and influence, are a key potential source of blood donations. Understanding their donation practices, and associated factors is essential to develop targeted interventions to boost donation rates, ensure a stable blood supply, and improve overall healthcare delivery by creating a more reliable and safe blood supply. The aim of the study was to assess the blood donation practice and associated factors among health professionals in public hospitals in Hawassa city, 2025. An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A stratified random sampling technique was used, drawing from the payroll of health professionals from five governmental hospitals, with a total sample size of 372 participants were responded. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, entered and coded into kobo tool, then exported to SPSS version 20 for bivariate logistic regression analysis with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value < 0.05 for statistical significance. This study found that the practice of blood donation is low (28.4%,) at 95% CI (23.8, 32.9) meaning poor practice. Age, Sex, Marital status, educational status and attitudinal perception about blood donation were significantly associated with a blood donation practice at 5% level of significance. Respondents who were in age group of 20-28 years were 3.4 times (AOR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.6, 8). male was 1.7 times (AOR=1.7, 95% CI: 1, 3), Being in married was 2 times (AOR: 2, 95% CI (1, 4), Positive attitudinal & perception about blood donation were 6.8 times (AOR: 6.8, 95% CI: 3.5, 13) and Respondents who had MSC and above were 3.8 times (AOR: 6.8, 95% CI 1.3, 7.8) were significantly associated about good practice of blood donation. In this study the practice of blood donation is poor. Age, Sex, Marital status, educational status and attitudinal & perception about blood donation were significantly associated with blood donation practice.
Keywords
Blood, Blood Donation Practice, Health Professionals, Hawassa City
1. Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) urged all countries to obtain their blood supplies from voluntary, non-remunerated donors by the year 2020
| [1] | T. Chandler, J. Hiller, S. Peine, and T. Stargardt, “Blood donation and donors: insights from a large German teaching hospital (2008–2017),” Vox Sang.,
https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12853 |
[1]
. However, 40 countries in Africa have donation rates below the WHO threshold level of 1%, which is required to meet the most basic blood requirements. Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are still unable to meet the minimum need for blood transfusions from all sources combined
. The fact that there is no substitute for human blood makes blood donation crucial. To cope with the ever-growing demand, the Ethiopian National Blood Bank Service collects over 200,000 units of blood annually from non-remunerated donors. The demand, however, stands at 18,000 units of blood, yet the average daily amount collected is approximately 1,100 units (1,100 pints/517 liters), resulting in a shortfall of 16,900 pints/7,943 liters
| [3] | A. T. Shama et al., “Assessment of blood donation practice and its associated factors among Wollega University undergraduate students, Ethiopia,” J. Blood Med.,
https://doi.org/10.2147/jbm.s385348 |
[3]
.
The Ethiopian Ministry of Health reported that in 2019/20, Ethiopia collected 223,000 units of blood, meeting only 22% of its need as per the WHO standard
. To ensure safe, adequate, and sustainable blood supplies nationwide, health workers play a significant role in various ways. Health professionals, desperate to save patients, give blood themselves, but it is just a drop in the ocean compared to the demand. Although health professionals have good knowledge about blood donation, their practice of donating and initiating the community to donate blood is minimal only about 36.7% have ever donated blood in their lifetime
| [5] | A. Getie, A. Wondmieneh, M. Bimerew, G. Gedefaw, and A. Demis, “Blood Donation Practice and Associated Factors in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis,” Biomed Res. Int., https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8852342 |
[5]
.
Health professionals are vital in mobilizing the community toward voluntary blood donation. Therefore, they need to be at the forefront of practicing and creating awareness and a favorable attitude about the importance of blood donation
| [6] | A. Dejen, “Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Associated Factors of Blood Donation among Health Care Workers in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,” 2015, Addis Ababa University,
https://doi.org/10.55920/2771-019x/1150 |
[6]
. It should be understood that blood supplies are insufficient compared to the demand and need to be gathered from the voluntary population. Additionally, health workers are expected to practice blood donation to create a positive image for the public
| [7] | M. Melku et al., “Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding blood donation among graduating undergraduate health science students at the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia,” Ethiop. J. Health Sci.,
https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v28i5.8 |
[7]
. Blood services are facing a tremendous shortage of blood globally. The demand for blood is rising rapidly, and current blood donations are insufficient to meet this demand
| [8] | D. Malako, F. Yoseph, and M. L. Bekele, “Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice and associated factors of blood donation among health care workers in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study,” BMC Hematol,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12878-019-0140-9 |
| [9] | G. Arage, S. Ibrahim, and E. Adimasu, “Blood donation practice and its associated factors among health professionals of University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study,” BMC Res. Notes,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2618-5 |
[8, 9]
. The inaccessibility and scarcity of blood have led to deaths and many patients suffering from ill health. In many countries, family members are often forced to donate blood or find another donor in emergency situations. This causes emotional and financial stress and major delays in obtaining suitable blood, which puts patients at risk of blood-borne infections, as there is often no time or facilities to properly screen the donated blood
| [10] | W. H. Organization, “Campaign essentials: World Blood Donor Day 2015: thank you for saving my life,” in Campaign essentials: World Blood Donor Day 2015: thank you for saving my life, https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3026(15)00098-8 |
[10]
.
A reliable and adequate supply of safe blood can be ensured by a stable base of regular, voluntary, unpaid blood donors
| [11] | W. H. Organization, “Guidance on increasing supplies of plasma-derived medicinal products in low-and middle-income countries through fractionation of domestic plasma,” in Guidance on increasing supplies of plasma-derived medicinal products in low-and middle-income countries through fractionation of domestic plasma,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tracli.2021.09.004 |
[11]
. Regular, voluntary, unpaid blood donors are considered the safest group of donors. Access to a safe and sufficient blood supply could prevent up to 150,000 pregnancy-related deaths globally each year. However, in developing countries, there is a significant challenge in providing safe and adequate blood
.
The World Health Organization (WHO) urged all countries to obtain their blood supplies from voluntary, non-remunerated donors by the year 2020
| [1] | T. Chandler, J. Hiller, S. Peine, and T. Stargardt, “Blood donation and donors: insights from a large German teaching hospital (2008–2017),” Vox Sang.,
https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12853 |
[1]
. However, 40 countries in Africa have donation rates below the WHO threshold level of 1%, which is required to meet the most basic blood requirements. Many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are still unable to meet the minimum need for blood transfusions from all sources combined
. The fact that there is no substitute for human blood makes blood donation crucial. To cope with the ever-growing demand, the Ethiopian National Blood Bank Service collects over 200,000 units of blood annually from non-remunerated donors. The demand, however, stands at 18,000 units of blood, yet the average daily amount collected is approximately 1,100 units (1,100 pints/517 liters), resulting in a shortfall of 16,900 pints/7,943 liters
| [3] | A. T. Shama et al., “Assessment of blood donation practice and its associated factors among Wollega University undergraduate students, Ethiopia,” J. Blood Med.,
https://doi.org/10.2147/jbm.s385348 |
[3]
.
The Ethiopian Ministry of Health reported that in 2019/20, Ethiopia collected 223,000 units of blood, meeting only 22% of its need as per the WHO standard
. To ensure safe, adequate, and sustainable blood supplies nationwide, health workers play a significant role in various ways. Health professionals, desperate to save patients, give blood themselves, but it is just a drop in the ocean compared to the demand. Although health professionals have good knowledge about blood donation, their practice of donating and initiating the community to donate blood is minimal only about 36.7% have ever donated blood in their lifetime
| [5] | A. Getie, A. Wondmieneh, M. Bimerew, G. Gedefaw, and A. Demis, “Blood Donation Practice and Associated Factors in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis,” Biomed Res. Int., https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8852342 |
[5]
.
Health professionals are vital in mobilizing the community toward voluntary blood donation. Therefore, they need to be at the forefront of practicing and creating awareness and a favorable attitude about the importance of blood donation
| [6] | A. Dejen, “Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Associated Factors of Blood Donation among Health Care Workers in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,” 2015, Addis Ababa University,
https://doi.org/10.55920/2771-019x/1150 |
[6]
. It should be understood that blood supplies are insufficient compared to the demand and need to be gathered from the voluntary population. Additionally, health workers are expected to practice blood donation to create a positive image for the public
| [7] | M. Melku et al., “Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding blood donation among graduating undergraduate health science students at the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia,” Ethiop. J. Health Sci.,
https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v28i5.8 |
[7]
. Blood donation is a voluntary service aimed at helping others in their time of need. This activity is directed by health professionals, who are responsible for initiating and motivating the entire society in cooperation with other concerned bodies. They are also responsible for collecting the blood. In this context, they are the main advocates for this honorable service in saving lives. In Hawassa Town there are hospitals to provide curative health care were provided, where many cases from surrounding areas are referred, blood is vital for providing good service to patients. Major surgeries take place, emergencies are packed with patients needing blood, and maternal and child services require blood immediately. The health professionals working at each facility play a crucial role in the supply of blood, as they are expected to have knowledge about the benefits of donating blood and are presumed to have a favorable attitude towards it since it is part of their job.
Health professionals are important in the recruitment of blood donors, and having knowledge about blood donation, a positive attitude towards promoting voluntary blood donation, and higher donation rates are essential for effective recruitment. Identifying the possible factors affecting blood donation in the study area can help design evidence-based interventions and education for healthcare workers that can improve their knowledge, attitude, and practice, leading to increased voluntary donations and blood collections.
This study assessed the practice of blood donation and the factors related to or associated with the behavior of health professionals working at Hawassa town public Hospitals. The information gained from this study was revealed the current situation of health professionals regarding blood donation practice and the factors impacting them. The results will be provided valuable insights to develop strategies to address and solve the problem.
2. Objectives
2.1. General Objective
To assess the blood donation practice and associated factors among health professionals in public hospitals in Hawassa city, 2025.
2.2. Specific Objectives
To assess the blood donation practice among health professionals in public hospitals in Hawassa city.
To identify the factors that associated with blood donation practice in public hospitals in Hawassa city.
3. Methods and Materials
3.1. Study Area
The study was conducted in public hospitals in Hawassa City. Hawassa is one of the fastest growing cities in Ethiopia and hub of Sidama National Regional State. Hawassa city located 275 Km to south of Addis Ababa. Based on the information from Hawassa City Municipality the population projection of 2014/15 of the city has more than 500,000 populations. The city has a total area of 119,316 Square kilo meters. In city there are five public health hospitals (Hawassa university comprehensive specialized hospital, Adare general hospital, Tulla general hospital, Motite Fura primary hospital and Alamura primary hospital. Two thousand five hundred fifty professional health care providers are found in Hawassa public hospitals. Hawassa university comprehensive specialized hospital, Adare general hospital, Tulla general hospital, Motite Fura primary hospital and Alamura primary hospital have 717,448,328,316 and 239 health care providers respectively according to Hawassa city health department 2024 health management informatics systems.
3.2. Study Design and Period
Institutional based cross- sectional study design was conducted from March 20 to April 20, 2025.
3.3. Population
3.3.1. Source Population
All health professionals working in public hospitals in Hawassa city.
3.3.2. Study Population
Randomly selected health professionals working in public hospitals in Hawassa city during study period.
3.4. Inclusion & Exclusion Criteria
3.4.1. Inclusion Criteria
All health professionals, they are currently working in public hospitals and voluntary to participate in the study.
3.4.2. Exclusion Criteria
Individuals who were sick and absent during the data collection period.
Individuals with severe physical and mental illness.
Unwillingness to participate the study. Individuals’ temporary employees.
3.5. Sampling Technique and Procedure
3.5.1. Sample Size Determination
The sample size was calculated using single population proportion formula by considering the following assumptions: p= (34.2%) Proportion taken study done from Addis Ababa
| [13] | A. L. N. Udegbe, O. Odukoya, and B. Ogunnowo, “Knowledge, attitude, and practice of voluntary blood donation among residents in a rural local government area in Lagos state: A mixed methods survey,” Niger. J. Heal. Sci.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1596-4078.182321 |
[13]
.
d =Margin of error as 5%, CI =confidence level at 95%, Non-response rate of 10%
10% non-respondent Total sample size was 380.
3.5.2. Sampling Procedure
A total of 380 health professionals were selected using a stratified random sampling method. The list of health professionals working in the five governmental public hospitals of Hawassa city were obtained from the human resource departments of all hospitals. The professionals were divided into strata according to their professions. From each stratum, samples were selected using a simple random sampling method, ensuring proportional distribution to each facility's record as the sampling frame.
Figure 1. Diagram representation of the sampling methods for blood donation practices and related variables among medical staff in Hawassa City's public hospitals in 2025.
3.6. Study Variables
3.6.1. Dependent Variable
Blood donation practice.
3.6.2. Independent Variables
Socio-demographic factors:
Age, sex, marital status, educational level, Religion and place of residence.
History of blood donation:
Blood donation related questions:
Attitude and perception related questions about blood donation:
3.7. Data Collection Procedure and Quality Assurance
Data were collected by using structured self-administered questionnaires after using 5%pretested checklists prepared English version done before actual data collection. 4 BSC nurses for data collectors and supervisors were used.
A standardized English version questionnaire was adapted and translated in to Sidaamu to ensure consistencies. Data collectors and supervisors were orientated for 1 day on the kobo tool and process of data collection. After that, a pretest were conducted on 5% of the sample size to ensure the reliability of the tool, and then the correction was made before the actual data collection.
3.8. Operational Definitions
Blood donation practice: Practice about blood donation was categorized after asking four questions. Those respondents who scored greater than or equal to the mean for practice questions were considered as good practice, otherwise not
.
Attitude about blood donation: was categorized after asking seven questions using a likert scale method and the mean scores were computed and dichotomized into favorable (positive attitude) (score ≥ mean value) or unfavorable (negative attitude) (<mean value)
.
3.9. Data Management and Analysis
The data was entered and coded in to kobo tool on creating the questionnaire. The entered data were cleaned to ensure the validity of the data. Then, the analysis was done using SPSS version 26 after exporting the prepared data. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were computed. All variables were used in the bivariate logistic regression analysis and a variable with p-value ≤0.25 was candidate for multi-variable logistic regression analysis. And Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fitness test was done to control confounding variables. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% CI was used to show the direction and strength of statistical association. A p-value <0.05 was used to measure statistical significance.
3.10. Ethical Considerations
Ethical clearance was obtained from Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Science Institutional Review Board (IRB). Permission letters were obtained from Sidama Region public Health Institute, Hawassa city administration health department and medical directors of the hospitals. The study participant was informed oral consent was acquired from the study participants after explaining the purpose of the study. The confidentiality of the study participants were maintained throughout the study.
4. Results
4.1. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents
Three hundred eighty respondents participated in the study giving a response rate of 97.8%. Among respondents 244(65.2%) were males and 167 (44.4%) fall under the age category of 20-28. The mean age of the participants was 31.86 + (standard deviation 4.783). The majority 273(73%) were married. Almost all 371 respondents were governmental employers. Regarding to educational status, the BSC was the majority which accounted 65%. And 365 (96.3%) of respondents were urban resident. The majority, one hundred ninety eight and one hundred four of respondents were Orthodox and Protestant religion respectively.
Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of health professions in public hospital in Hawassa city, 2025.
Variable | Response | Frequency | Percent |
Age | 20-28 years | 159 | 44.4 |
29-37 years | 158 | 42.3 |
>37 years | 45 | 13.3 |
Sex | Male | 244 | 65.2 |
Female | 128 | 34.8 |
Marital status | Single | 88 | 24.2 |
Married | 273 | 72.9 |
Divorced | 9 | 2.9 |
Educational status | Bachelor Degree | 243 | 64.5 |
Master Degree | 129 | 34.5 |
Diploma | 2 | 0.5 |
PHD | 2 | 0.5 |
Occupational status | House wife | 1 | 0.2 |
Government | 371 | 99.8 |
Residence | Urban | 365 | 98 |
Rural | 7 | 2 |
Religion | Orthodox | 198 | 51.2 |
Muslim | 26 | 7.8 |
Catholic | 24 | 7.3 |
Protestant | 124 | 33.6 |
4.2. Blood Donation History
Table 2. Blood donation history of study participants, health professionals in public hospital in Hawassa city, Sidama Ethiopia, 2025.
Variable | Responses | Frequency | Percent |
Have you ever donate blood? | yes | 224 | 60 |
no | 148 | 40.0 |
How many times have you donated blood? | one time | 0 | 0 |
2-3 times | 14 | 4.2 |
4-5 times | 72 | 19.5 |
5-6 times | 99 | 26.6 |
More than 6 times | 35 | 9.7 |
How did you find out about blood donation opportunities? | Social media | 6 | 2.1 |
Community events | 26 | 7 |
School / university | 63 | 17 |
Work place | 125 | 33 |
Health care facility | 1 | 0.2 |
4.3. Blood Group of the Study Participants
Figure 2. Blood group of the study participants in Hawassa City's public hospitals in 2025.
4.4. Practice of Blood Donation
Four questionnaires about blood donation practices and the study participants' answers are shown in the table below. The aggregate mean of the respondents' responses, as determined by the mean score calculation technique, was 2.0579. Individuals with scores equal to or higher than the overall mean were deemed to have good blood donation practices, whereas those with scores below the mean were deemed to have bad blood donation practices. Therefore, 108 (28%) of the 372 study participants had good blood donation practices, while 78% had poor practices.
Table 3. Practice of Blood Donation among health professionals in public hospital in Hawassa city, Sidama Ethiopia, 2025.
Variables | category | Frequency | Percent |
1. How often do you donate blood? | Twice a year | 90 | 24.7 |
Every three month | 130 | 34.7 |
Total | 220 | 59.5 |
| Missing (non-donors) | 152 | 40.5 |
Total | 372 | 100.0 |
2. What type of blood donation do you usually participate in? | Whole blood | 221 | 59.5 |
| (non-donors) | 151 | 40.5 |
Total | 372 | 100.0 |
3. Have you ever experienced any adverse effects after donating blood? | Yes | 36 | 10.5 |
No | 336 | 89.5 |
Total | 372 | 100.0 |
4. Do you feel adequately informed about the blood donation process? | No | 224 | 60.5 |
Yes | 147 | 39.5 |
Total | 372 | 99.5 |
From the above table study participants had 104(28%) of good practice about blood donation at (95%CI23, 33).
Figure 3. Blood donation practice of the study participants at Hawassa city public hospitals at 2025.
4.5. Attitude and Perception about Blood Donation
Seven attitudes and perceptions questions about blood donation are included in the table below, along with the answers. Using the mean score calculation method, the respondents' overall mean response was 2.0867. Positive attitudes regarding blood donation were attributed to those who scored equal to or higher than the overall mean, whereas negative attitudes toward blood donation were attributed to those who scored lower than the mean. Therefore, out of the 372 study participants, 216 (58%) had a positive attitude toward blood donation, whereas 42% had a negative attitude (
table 3).
Table 4. Attitude and perception about blood donation of the study participants.
Variable | Response | Frequency | percent |
1. How important do you think blood donation is? | Not important | [1] | T. Chandler, J. Hiller, S. Peine, and T. Stargardt, “Blood donation and donors: insights from a large German teaching hospital (2008–2017),” Vox Sang.,
https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12853 |
[1] | 22 | 6.3 |
Neutral | 62 | 16.9 |
Important | [3] | A. T. Shama et al., “Assessment of blood donation practice and its associated factors among Wollega University undergraduate students, Ethiopia,” J. Blood Med.,
https://doi.org/10.2147/jbm.s385348 |
[3] | 97 | 26.2 |
Very important | 171 | 50.5 |
Total | 372 | 100.0 |
2. Do you know who is eligible to donate blood? | No | [1] | T. Chandler, J. Hiller, S. Peine, and T. Stargardt, “Blood donation and donors: insights from a large German teaching hospital (2008–2017),” Vox Sang.,
https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12853 |
[1] | 143 | 38.7 |
Yes | 229 | 61.3 |
Total | 372 | 100.0 |
3. What do you think about the idea of donating blood? | Negative | [1] | T. Chandler, J. Hiller, S. Peine, and T. Stargardt, “Blood donation and donors: insights from a large German teaching hospital (2008–2017),” Vox Sang.,
https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12853 |
[1] | 3 | 1.1 |
Neutral | 134 | 36.3 |
Positive | [3] | A. T. Shama et al., “Assessment of blood donation practice and its associated factors among Wollega University undergraduate students, Ethiopia,” J. Blood Med.,
https://doi.org/10.2147/jbm.s385348 |
[3] | 235 | 62.6 |
Total | 372 | 100.0 |
No | [1] | T. Chandler, J. Hiller, S. Peine, and T. Stargardt, “Blood donation and donors: insights from a large German teaching hospital (2008–2017),” Vox Sang.,
https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12853 |
[1] | 52 | 14.2 |
I don’t know | 93 | 25.3 |
Yes | [3] | A. T. Shama et al., “Assessment of blood donation practice and its associated factors among Wollega University undergraduate students, Ethiopia,” J. Blood Med.,
https://doi.org/10.2147/jbm.s385348 |
[3] | 226 | 60.5 |
Total | 372 | 100.0 |
5. Do you have any fears or worries about donating blood? | No | [1] | T. Chandler, J. Hiller, S. Peine, and T. Stargardt, “Blood donation and donors: insights from a large German teaching hospital (2008–2017),” Vox Sang.,
https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12853 |
[1] | 35 | 10.3 |
Yes | 337 | 89.7 |
Total | 372 | 100.0 |
6. Have you ever donated blood before? | No | [1] | T. Chandler, J. Hiller, S. Peine, and T. Stargardt, “Blood donation and donors: insights from a large German teaching hospital (2008–2017),” Vox Sang.,
https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12853 |
[1] | 150 | 40.7 |
Yes | 222 | 59.3 |
Total | 372 | 100.0 |
7. Do you think leaders influence whether or not people donate blood? | No | [1] | T. Chandler, J. Hiller, S. Peine, and T. Stargardt, “Blood donation and donors: insights from a large German teaching hospital (2008–2017),” Vox Sang.,
https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12853 |
[1] | 156 | 42.1 |
Yes | 216 | 57.9 |
Total | 372 | 100.0 |
From the above table study participants had 216(58%) of positive attitude and perception about blood donation at (95% CI 52.9, 62.9).
Figure 4. Attitude and perception about blood donation of the study participants at Hawassa city public hospitals at 2025.
4.6. Factors Associated with Blood Donation Practice
In bi-variable analysis: Age, Sex, Marital status, educational status and attitudinal&perception about blood donation were significantly associated with blood donation practice. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to control confounding variables and to identify independent predictors of blood donation health professionals in public hospital in Hawassa city. Age, Sex, Marital status, educational status and attitudinal perception about blood donation were significantly associated with a blood donation practice at 5% level of significance. Respondents who were in age group of 20-28 years were 3.4 times (AOR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.6,8) more likely in donating blood than those above 37 years. Odds of blood donation practice was 1.7 times higher for male (AOR=1.7, 95% CI: 1, 3) when compared to female. Being in married (AOR: 2, 95% CI (1, 4) had higher the Odds of blood donation by 200% when compared to those who were single. Respondents who had good attitudinal & perception about blood donation were 6.8 times higher than their counterparts (AOR: 6.8, 95% CI: 3.5, 13). Respondents who had MSC and above were 3.8 times higher (AOR: 6.8, 95% CI 1.3, 7.8) than those having BSc and diploma certificate.
Table 5. Bivariate and multivariate analysis for factors associated with blood donation practice among health professionals in public hospital in Hawassa city, Sidama Ethiopia, 2025.
Variable | Response | Practice of blood donation | COR at 95% C. I | AOR at 95% C. I | P-value |
Good | Poor |
Age in years | 20-28 | 59 | 108 | 4 [1.8, 12] | 3.4 [1.6,8.3] | 0.00 0.058 |
29-37 | 40 | 118 | 2.8 [0.95, 2.4] | 3 [0.97,7.6] |
>>37 | 5 | 43 | 1 | 1 |
Sex | Male | 82 | 158 | 3 [1.4, 4.4] | 1.7 [1.05,3.21] | 0.047 |
Female | 18 | 110 | 1 |
Marital status | Married | 89 | 183 | 2.5 [1.4, 4.5]] | 2 [1.02,4.5] | 0.033 |
Single | 15 | 85 | 1 | 1 |
Educational level | MSc &above | 45 | 84 | 1.67 [1, 2.6] | 3.8 [1.8,7.8] | 0.002 |
Bsc&diploma | 59 | 184 | 1 | 1 |
Attitude&perception about blood donation | Positive | 93 | 123 | 8.6 [4.6, 16] | 6.8 [3.5, 13.2] | 0.001 |
Negative | 11 | 145 | 1 | 1 |
Keys: COR=crude odd ratio; AOR=Adjusted odd; CI =confidence interval, 1=reference group
5. Discussion
At 95% CI (23.8, 32.9), 28.4% of participants in this study good donation of blood. Blood donation practices were substantially associated with age, sex, marital status, educational status, and attitudes and perceptions toward blood donation. Even still, the study's findings of health professionals' blood donation practices were found to be low when compared to other studies carried out in developing nations and WHO recommendations, especially when it came to the level of frequent and voluntary blood donation. A research at Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Awka, Nigeria, revealed that 59.5 percent of the medical personnel donated blood
| [19] | S. A. Nwabueze et al., “Perception of blood donation among medical and pharmaceutical science students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka,” Open J. Prev. Med.,
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpm.2014.47061 |
[19]
while another study in the Tigray region revealed that 47 percent of the medical staff at public hospitals did the same
| [20] | W. Tadesse, Y. Ayalew, E. Yisma, M. L. Liben, and M. Wudu, “Knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factors towards voluntary blood donation among regular health science students of Samara University, Ethiopia,” Heal. Sci. J https://doi.org/10.21767/1791-809x.1000542 |
[20]
. Blood banks and other social organizations that promote blood donation may be to blame for this discrepancy. however in this study it is relatively higher than similar studies conducted in other parts of the country like a comprehensive analysis conducted in Ethiopia revealed that the combined prevalence of blood donation was 25.82%
| [5] | A. Getie, A. Wondmieneh, M. Bimerew, G. Gedefaw, and A. Demis, “Blood Donation Practice and Associated Factors in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis,” Biomed Res. Int., https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8852342 |
[5]
, followed by Samara University (24.5%)
| [9] | G. Arage, S. Ibrahim, and E. Adimasu, “Blood donation practice and its associated factors among health professionals of University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study,” BMC Res. Notes,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2618-5 |
[9]
, Madawalabu University (18.4%)
| [17] | B. Darega, N. Dida, T. Tesfaye, and B. Lencha, “Voluntary blood donation practices and associated factors among regular undergraduate Madawalabu University students, Southeast Ethiopia: a facility-based cross sectional study,” J Blood Disord Transfus S,
https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9864.1000s5-005 |
[17]
, and other places such as South India (21.75%)
| [18] | S. Manikandan, R. Srikumar, and P. N. Ruvanthika, “A study on knowledge, attitude and practice on blood donation among health professional students in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, South India,” Int. J. Sci. Res. Publ.
https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20161523 |
[18]
. This study was conducted recently, which could explain the higher practice. These days, blood donation is promoted by the Ministry of Health and the WHO.
People between the ages of 20 and 28 were 3.4 times (AOR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.6, 8) more likely to donate blood than people over the age of 37. According to a related study, respondents who were 18–20 years old and those who were 21–23 years old were six times more likely to donate blood than respondents who were 24 years of age or older [AOR 6.14 (1.82-20.69) and AOR 6.49 (2.04–20.64)], respectively
| [17] | B. Darega, N. Dida, T. Tesfaye, and B. Lencha, “Voluntary blood donation practices and associated factors among regular undergraduate Madawalabu University students, Southeast Ethiopia: a facility-based cross sectional study,” J Blood Disord Transfus S,
https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9864.1000s5-005 |
[17]
. But among students at Hargeisa University, older age groups are 1.28 times more likely to give than younger ones
| [21] | A. Mussema et al., “Knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factors about voluntary blood donation among regular undergraduate students of Wachemo University, Southcentral Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study,” Front. Public Heal, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1485864 |
[21]
. Blood donation among students at Addis Ababa Health Science College is associated with older age [AOR (95% CI) = 6.5 (1.6, 26.9)
| [22] | C. Misganaw, M. Tenkir, A. Deresa, M. Tesfaye, T. T. Tessema, and H. Taye, “The level and associated factors of knowledge, attitude and practice of blood donation among health science students of Addis Ababa University,” IJMHSR,
https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6879.1000209 |
[22]
. Additionally, another study by health professionals at the University of Gondar Northwest in Ethiopia found that participants over 25 were twice as likely to donate blood than those under 25
| [15] | D. Bantayehu, “Knowledge, attitude, and practice of voluntary blood donation and associated factors among health care providers in Addis Ababa health Facilities, Ethiopia,” Occup Med Heal. Aff, https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6879.1000209 |
[15]
. Differences in research period, methodology, and other demographic factors could be the cause of this.
Males were 1.7 times more likely than females to practice blood donation (AOR=1.7, 95% CI: 1, 3). This research is comparable to a study In Nigeria, being male increases the odds of donation by 3.8 times (AOR=3.8; 95% CI: 1.7-8.2), according to a descriptive cross-sectional study design conducted among 300 students. Additionally, among Addis Ababa Health Science College students, being male [AOR (95% CI) =3.9 (1.4, 10.8)] was significantly associated with blood donation practice
| [22] | C. Misganaw, M. Tenkir, A. Deresa, M. Tesfaye, T. T. Tessema, and H. Taye, “The level and associated factors of knowledge, attitude and practice of blood donation among health science students of Addis Ababa University,” IJMHSR,
https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6879.1000209 |
[22]
. According to a different survey conducted among students at Hargeisa University, men are 7.5 times more likely than women to donate
| [21] | A. Mussema et al., “Knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factors about voluntary blood donation among regular undergraduate students of Wachemo University, Southcentral Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study,” Front. Public Heal, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1485864 |
[21]
which is higher. But in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, men were 48% less likely than women to donate blood (AOR: 0.52 (0.03–0.92)
| [23] | E. Elias, W. Mauka, R. N. Philemon, D. J. Damian, M. J. Mahande, and S. E. Msuya, “Knowledge, attitudes, practices, and factors associated with voluntary blood donation among university students in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania,” J. blood Transfus., https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8546803 |
[23]
.
Compared to respondents with a BSc and diploma, those with an MSC or higher showed a 3.8-fold higher AOR (6.1, 95% CI 1.3, and 7.8). According to this study, which is backed by a cross-sectional study conducted among students at Ambo University, students with literate parents were 2.46 times [AOR, 95% CI], 2.46 times [1.44-4.2)] more likely to voluntarily donate blood than students from illiterate families
| [24] | A. Nigatu and D. B. Demissie, “Knowledge, attitude and practice on voluntary blood donation and associated factors among Ambo University Regular Students, Ambo Town, Ethiopia,” J Community Med Heal. Educ,
https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0711.1000315 |
[24]
. Even though these medical professionals are a significant and healthy source of blood, the current study's findings indicate that everyone needs to be educated and encouraged to donate blood.
Positive attitudes and perceptions toward blood donation were 6.8 times more prevalent among respondents than among those who did not (AOR: 6.8, 95% CI: 3.5, 13). According to a similar study conducted among medical professionals in Ethiopia's Tigray region, Samara university, those who had a good attitude toward blood donation were higher to give blood than those who had a negative attitude
| [14] | T. Tadesse et al., “Blood donation practice and associated factors among health professionals in Tigray regional state public hospitals, northern Ethiopia,” BMC Res. Notes, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3786-7 |
| [20] | W. Tadesse, Y. Ayalew, E. Yisma, M. L. Liben, and M. Wudu, “Knowledge, attitude, practice and associated factors towards voluntary blood donation among regular health science students of Samara University, Ethiopia,” Heal. Sci. J https://doi.org/10.21767/1791-809x.1000542 |
[14, 20]
. Married people had a 200% higher chance of donating blood than single people (AOR: 2, 95% CI (1, 4). One study conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Nigeria supports it
| [13] | A. L. N. Udegbe, O. Odukoya, and B. Ogunnowo, “Knowledge, attitude, and practice of voluntary blood donation among residents in a rural local government area in Lagos state: A mixed methods survey,” Niger. J. Heal. Sci.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1596-4078.182321 |
| [15] | D. Bantayehu, “Knowledge, attitude, and practice of voluntary blood donation and associated factors among health care providers in Addis Ababa health Facilities, Ethiopia,” Occup Med Heal. Aff, https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6879.1000209 |
[13, 15]
.
Limitation and Strength of the Study
The response might have been liable to reporting bias since the result depends on only their response.
Lack of qualitative exploration of factors limits the in-depth understanding of factors
Cross-sectional nature of the study design cannot assess the cause and effect relationship.
It has to be noted that the finding of this study mainly reflects the situation at Hawassa city, public hospitals particularly for employed health professionals. Therefore, the findings should be interpreted with caution.
6. Conclusion and Recommendation
6.1. Conclusion
Blood donation practice of health professionals in this study was found to be low as compared to other studies conducted in developing countries. It is also lower compared to WHO recommendation; particularly the level of voluntary blood donation and regular donation is very low. Age, Sex, Marital status, educational status and attitudinal & perception about blood donation were significantly associated with blood donation practice are factors associated with blood donation practice of respondents. These factors should be considered during blood donation program development.
6.2. Recommendation
Following the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made;
Hawassa city hospitals
Re-strengthen blood donation clubs
Working with various agencies to remove the misconceptions which are attached to blood donation.
Blood Bank
Health professionals need to receive training on blood donation to create and increase awareness about blood donation.
Preparing regular blood donation campaigns to give near access for health professionals.
Encouraging, recruiting and motivating potential donors including newly enrolled Hospital health professional staff from all Hawassa city public hospitals and health centers in order to have a pool of eligible donors.
Researchers
More studies need to be conducted by using qualitative method to identify more factors.
Abbreviations
AOR | Adjusted Odds Ratio |
CI | Confident Interval |
COR | Crudes Odds Ratio |
CBHI | Community Based Health Insurance |
OPP | Out of Pocket Payment |
SPSS | Statistical Package for Social Science |
SHI | Social Health Insurance |
WHO | -World Health Organization |
VNBD | Voluntary non Remunerate Blood Donors |
IRB | Institutional Review Board |
EDHS | Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys |
SSA | Sub- Saharan African |
SNRS | Sidama National Regional State |
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank God Almighty, the administrative body of hospitals from where the data were gathered, and the College of Health Science Department of Public Health, Hawassa Campus. Additionally, the data collectors planned to express their appreciation for their involvement in the data collection process.
Funding
There was no funding obtained from any organization for this study.
Author Contributions
Kassie Temesgen Kebede: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Teshale Abera: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing
Fekadu Atalel: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing
Mulugeta Edao Shate: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing
Robel Mesfine: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing
Data Availability Statement
We described all the relevant information in the manuscript, but the refined dataset can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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APA Style
Kebede, K. T., Abera, T., Atalel, F., Shate, M. E., Mesfine, R. (2025). The Practice of Blood Donation and Its Related Factors Among Medical Professionals Working in Public Hospitals in Hawassa City, Sidama, Ethiopia, in 2025. Medicine and Life Sciences, 1(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mls.20250101.14
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Kebede, K. T.; Abera, T.; Atalel, F.; Shate, M. E.; Mesfine, R. The Practice of Blood Donation and Its Related Factors Among Medical Professionals Working in Public Hospitals in Hawassa City, Sidama, Ethiopia, in 2025. Med. Life Sci. 2025, 1(1), 29-40. doi: 10.11648/j.mls.20250101.14
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AMA Style
Kebede KT, Abera T, Atalel F, Shate ME, Mesfine R. The Practice of Blood Donation and Its Related Factors Among Medical Professionals Working in Public Hospitals in Hawassa City, Sidama, Ethiopia, in 2025. Med Life Sci. 2025;1(1):29-40. doi: 10.11648/j.mls.20250101.14
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@article{10.11648/j.mls.20250101.14,
author = {Kassie Temesgen Kebede and Teshale Abera and Fekadu Atalel and Mulugeta Edao Shate and Robel Mesfine},
title = {The Practice of Blood Donation and Its Related Factors Among Medical Professionals Working in Public Hospitals in Hawassa City, Sidama, Ethiopia, in 2025},
journal = {Medicine and Life Sciences},
volume = {1},
number = {1},
pages = {29-40},
doi = {10.11648/j.mls.20250101.14},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mls.20250101.14},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.mls.20250101.14},
abstract = {Blood is a crucial resource for modern healthcare, necessary for surgeries, trauma care, and treating various illnesses. However, many countries, particularly developing ones, face chronic blood shortages, which negatively affect patient care and outcomes. Health professionals, due to their medical expertise and influence, are a key potential source of blood donations. Understanding their donation practices, and associated factors is essential to develop targeted interventions to boost donation rates, ensure a stable blood supply, and improve overall healthcare delivery by creating a more reliable and safe blood supply. The aim of the study was to assess the blood donation practice and associated factors among health professionals in public hospitals in Hawassa city, 2025. An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A stratified random sampling technique was used, drawing from the payroll of health professionals from five governmental hospitals, with a total sample size of 372 participants were responded. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, entered and coded into kobo tool, then exported to SPSS version 20 for bivariate logistic regression analysis with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value < 0.05 for statistical significance. This study found that the practice of blood donation is low (28.4%,) at 95% CI (23.8, 32.9) meaning poor practice. Age, Sex, Marital status, educational status and attitudinal perception about blood donation were significantly associated with a blood donation practice at 5% level of significance. Respondents who were in age group of 20-28 years were 3.4 times (AOR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.6, 8). male was 1.7 times (AOR=1.7, 95% CI: 1, 3), Being in married was 2 times (AOR: 2, 95% CI (1, 4), Positive attitudinal & perception about blood donation were 6.8 times (AOR: 6.8, 95% CI: 3.5, 13) and Respondents who had MSC and above were 3.8 times (AOR: 6.8, 95% CI 1.3, 7.8) were significantly associated about good practice of blood donation. In this study the practice of blood donation is poor. Age, Sex, Marital status, educational status and attitudinal & perception about blood donation were significantly associated with blood donation practice.},
year = {2025}
}
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TY - JOUR
T1 - The Practice of Blood Donation and Its Related Factors Among Medical Professionals Working in Public Hospitals in Hawassa City, Sidama, Ethiopia, in 2025
AU - Kassie Temesgen Kebede
AU - Teshale Abera
AU - Fekadu Atalel
AU - Mulugeta Edao Shate
AU - Robel Mesfine
Y1 - 2025/12/30
PY - 2025
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mls.20250101.14
DO - 10.11648/j.mls.20250101.14
T2 - Medicine and Life Sciences
JF - Medicine and Life Sciences
JO - Medicine and Life Sciences
SP - 29
EP - 40
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 3071-0618
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mls.20250101.14
AB - Blood is a crucial resource for modern healthcare, necessary for surgeries, trauma care, and treating various illnesses. However, many countries, particularly developing ones, face chronic blood shortages, which negatively affect patient care and outcomes. Health professionals, due to their medical expertise and influence, are a key potential source of blood donations. Understanding their donation practices, and associated factors is essential to develop targeted interventions to boost donation rates, ensure a stable blood supply, and improve overall healthcare delivery by creating a more reliable and safe blood supply. The aim of the study was to assess the blood donation practice and associated factors among health professionals in public hospitals in Hawassa city, 2025. An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A stratified random sampling technique was used, drawing from the payroll of health professionals from five governmental hospitals, with a total sample size of 372 participants were responded. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, entered and coded into kobo tool, then exported to SPSS version 20 for bivariate logistic regression analysis with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value < 0.05 for statistical significance. This study found that the practice of blood donation is low (28.4%,) at 95% CI (23.8, 32.9) meaning poor practice. Age, Sex, Marital status, educational status and attitudinal perception about blood donation were significantly associated with a blood donation practice at 5% level of significance. Respondents who were in age group of 20-28 years were 3.4 times (AOR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.6, 8). male was 1.7 times (AOR=1.7, 95% CI: 1, 3), Being in married was 2 times (AOR: 2, 95% CI (1, 4), Positive attitudinal & perception about blood donation were 6.8 times (AOR: 6.8, 95% CI: 3.5, 13) and Respondents who had MSC and above were 3.8 times (AOR: 6.8, 95% CI 1.3, 7.8) were significantly associated about good practice of blood donation. In this study the practice of blood donation is poor. Age, Sex, Marital status, educational status and attitudinal & perception about blood donation were significantly associated with blood donation practice.
VL - 1
IS - 1
ER -
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