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İzmit Channel and Its History in the Light of Paleontological Findings
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
1-5
Received:
1 March 2019
Accepted:
11 April 2019
Published:
4 January 2021
Abstract: During the Ottoman Empire, a waterway without a Black Sea connection has been suggested through Sakarya River, Sapanca Lake and Gulf of İzmit and has been attempted six times. A natural connection between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara through that route has been proven according to findings of the drills taken for “the Osman Gazi Bridge” in 1990. Samples belonging to nine deep drills made for the bridge have been investigated in the four years and the results were compiled in the book “Quaternary sequence in the Gulf of İzmit. New data obtained from the recent drills made in the frame work of the bridge Project have strongly supported the previous results. In 1997, considering the paleontological findings of the Gulf of İzmit drills, which were completed in 1995, it has been indicated that İzmit Channel naturally opened and closed five times during Quaternary, between 800.000 and 80.000 years bp. 1-Regarding this information, the subject has been presented for the first time with the abstract titled “Back to the past for the future” (in Turkish), In Sea of Marmara Researchers Workshop-III, which was held in Ankara 1997. 2-It was presented to the International scientific community during The Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, which was held in Salt Lake City, Utah (USA) in 20-23 October 1997, with the abstract titled “Back to the past for the future”. 3-In February 1998, it was proposed as KAP (Kuzeybatı Anadolu Projesi, Northwestern Anatolia Project) to the 9th President of the Republic Mr. Süleyman Demirel. 4-The subject was also proposed to Undersecretariat of Maritime Affairs, Undersecretariat of DPT (State Planning Organization), Undersecretariat of Ministry of Transportation İzmit Metropolitan Municipality and Sakarya Municipality. 5-More than 10 articles were published in various journals. 6-Before the general elections in 2002, “New İzmit Channel Project” was taken to the “Government Program” prepared by the Doğru Yol Party. 7-It was accepted by DPT and in 22.01.2005 it was proposed as one of the “10 projects for Turkey’s future” in “5. Solutions of Turkey’s Problems Conference”. 8-Besides, a “Registration Certificate” related to “New İzmit Channel Project” was acquired from TR Ministry of Culture and Tourism, General Directorate of Copyrights and Cinema (date: 17 June 2009, article no: B. 16.0. THS. 10.03.00/15995). 9-Detailed information given by Ord. Prof. İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, were quoted from his work published in “Belleten Dergisi” Volume 4, issue 14-15, April-July 1940.
Abstract: During the Ottoman Empire, a waterway without a Black Sea connection has been suggested through Sakarya River, Sapanca Lake and Gulf of İzmit and has been attempted six times. A natural connection between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara through that route has been proven according to findings of the drills taken for “the Osman Gazi Bridge” in ...
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Evaluation of Heavy Metals Uptakes of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Under Irrigation Water of Akaki River, Central Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
6-14
Received:
9 February 2021
Accepted:
24 March 2021
Published:
20 April 2021
Abstract: The present study was implemented to remediate heavy metal levels in lettuce grown by Akaki river water in 45 pots. The soil for the pot experiment collected from the Akaki area and the water used for lettuce growing from the upper, middle, and lower part of Akaki River with five treatment for three locations: groundwater (control), 25, 50, 75, and 100% Akaki river water with groundwater combination set as treatment. The results obtained from this pot experiment in lettuce samples Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cr, and Cu concentration in the range of (0.047-0.263), (0.42-6.55), (339.83-420.00), (2.96-13.44), (0.95-7.87) and (1.68-7.49) (mg /Kg) respectively, all heavy metal concentration except groundwater irrigated lettuce sample above-recommended level set by WHO (1999). Whereas, Concentration of these metals in the soil samples (mg/kg) was found to be Cd (0.47-3.47), Pb (8.00-118.00), Fe (13557.30-16800.00), Zn (40.00-224.67), Cr (4.91-39.36) and Cu (35.00-149.88), out of Cd and Fe heavy metal concentration in Akaki river water irrigated soil samples except 100% Akaki river water irrigated soil sample was below the recommended level set by /FAOWHO (2001). Similarly, concentrations (mg/L) of the metals in the Akaki river water samples were found to be in the ranges of 0.18-0.28, 1.40-2.67, 0.97-1.40, 0.037-0.087, 0.037-0.080, and 01-0.14 for Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Cr, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in the Akaki river water and lettuce samples were above the recommended limit of both WHO and FAO. Also, Cd and Fe for the soil samples were greater than WHO and FAO recommended limit. Based on facts obtained from this study we suggest concerned official body (ies) take the necessary precaution measures for cleaning the Akaki river water.
Abstract: The present study was implemented to remediate heavy metal levels in lettuce grown by Akaki river water in 45 pots. The soil for the pot experiment collected from the Akaki area and the water used for lettuce growing from the upper, middle, and lower part of Akaki River with five treatment for three locations: groundwater (control), 25, 50, 75, and...
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WASH in Selected Basic Schools and Possible Implications on Health and Academics: An Example of the Wa Municipality of Ghana, West Africa
Samuel Kojo Abanyie,
Ebenezer Ebo Yahans Amuah,
Nang Biyogue Douti,
George Owusu,
Charles Casmed Amadu,
Barikisu Alhassan
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2021
Pages:
15-20
Received:
16 December 2020
Accepted:
30 December 2020
Published:
26 April 2021
Abstract: Effective learning in school is significantly influenced by water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions. However, in most schools in developing countries, WASH is often inadequate. The study focused on the accessibility, availability, quality, and sufficiency of WASH in public schools. This cross-sectional study employed the use of an observational checklist where 29 self-administered questionnaires on WASH were administered to Headteachers of the selected schools. The study area was divided into six grids using ArcGIS 9.3©, and from each grid, five schools were selected. However, in the northeastern part of the municipality four sample schools were chosen, since that area had fewer schools. The bacteriological quality (fecal coliforms) of water from the schools was assessed for health safety. The R software and Microsoft Excel were used for data analysis. The study showed that 37.9% of schools had access to potable water but 27.5% of these sources were fecally contaminated. Though 93.1% of the schools had toilet facilities, 77.8% were shared by both teachers and students. The study further showed that 96.6% were gender-segregated, 59.3% lacked toilet bins whiles 41.4% practiced open defecation. Hygiene facilities were lacking as 75.9% of the schools lacked hand washing facilities and all the schools lacked menstrual hygiene facilities. Solid waste and toilet facilities were poorly managed, contributing to open defecation in the schools. Generally, WASH in most of the schools was not satisfactory since they lacked facilities, policies, funds, sensitization, and proper maintenance. The study recommends that WASH facilities should be improved by all stakeholders.
Abstract: Effective learning in school is significantly influenced by water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions. However, in most schools in developing countries, WASH is often inadequate. The study focused on the accessibility, availability, quality, and sufficiency of WASH in public schools. This cross-sectional study employed the use of an observational c...
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