Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: A Review

Abdullahi Hassan Gana; Abba Idris Sa’id

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13

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Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: A Review

Abdullahi Hassan Gana^*

, Abba Idris Sa’id

Published in American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 4)

Received: 6 September 2025 Accepted: 18 September 2025 Published: 31 October 2025

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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic, first identified in late 2019, rapidly transformed social and economic systems worldwide. To contain its spread, many governments imposed strict restrictions that closed businesses, schools, airports, factories, and other socio-economic activities. These unprecedented measures created a global “experiment” in reducing human pressures on the environment, providing valuable insights into how ecosystems respond when anthropogenic activities are curtailed. Short-term environmental improvements were widely reported. Urban air quality improved markedly, with nitrogen dioxide concentrations falling and global daily CO₂ emissions declining by up to 17% at the peak of lockdowns. Air pollution dropped by about 25% in China and nearly 50% in New York compared with the previous year. Water bodies also exhibited temporary gains, including greater clarity and reductions in biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, largely due to reduced industrial discharges. Lockdowns further suppressed anthropogenic noise and seismic activity, while wildlife displayed shifts in movement and behavior during the “anthropause.” At the same time, the pandemic introduced new environmental pressures. Increased household wastewater and detergent use added pollutant loads to urban systems, while surges in personal protective equipment (PPE) and medical waste intensified plastic pollution risks. Conservation programs were interrupted, and global CO₂ emissions rebounded strongly by 2021, highlighting the temporary nature of early gains. These contrasting outcomes underscore the complexity of human–environment interactions under crisis conditions. While the pandemic revealed the scale of improvement achievable through short-term behavioral change, it also confirmed that durable benefits require systemic policy interventions. Strengthening environmental monitoring, building resilient waste management systems, and aligning recovery strategies with climate and biodiversity objectives are essential to embedding the lessons of the pandemic into long-term sustainability planning. This review therefore synthesizes emerging evidence on the environmental impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns, identifying both opportunities and challenges to inform future climate and sustainability strategies.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13
Page(s)	183-189
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Air Pollution, Climate Change, COVID-19, Environmental Degradation, Waste Management

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Gana, A. H., Sa’id, A. I. (2025). Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: A Review. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 9(4), 183-189. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13

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Gana, A. H.; Sa’id, A. I. Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: A Review. Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2025, 9(4), 183-189. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13

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AMA Style

Gana AH, Sa’id AI. Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: A Review. Am J Environ Sci Eng. 2025;9(4):183-189. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13,
  author = {Abdullahi Hassan Gana and Abba Idris Sa’id},
  title = {Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: A Review
},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {183-189},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajese.20250904.13},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic, first identified in late 2019, rapidly transformed social and economic systems worldwide. To contain its spread, many governments imposed strict restrictions that closed businesses, schools, airports, factories, and other socio-economic activities. These unprecedented measures created a global “experiment” in reducing human pressures on the environment, providing valuable insights into how ecosystems respond when anthropogenic activities are curtailed. Short-term environmental improvements were widely reported. Urban air quality improved markedly, with nitrogen dioxide concentrations falling and global daily CO2 emissions declining by up to 17% at the peak of lockdowns. Air pollution dropped by about 25% in China and nearly 50% in New York compared with the previous year. Water bodies also exhibited temporary gains, including greater clarity and reductions in biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, largely due to reduced industrial discharges. Lockdowns further suppressed anthropogenic noise and seismic activity, while wildlife displayed shifts in movement and behavior during the “anthropause.” At the same time, the pandemic introduced new environmental pressures. Increased household wastewater and detergent use added pollutant loads to urban systems, while surges in personal protective equipment (PPE) and medical waste intensified plastic pollution risks. Conservation programs were interrupted, and global CO2 emissions rebounded strongly by 2021, highlighting the temporary nature of early gains. These contrasting outcomes underscore the complexity of human–environment interactions under crisis conditions. While the pandemic revealed the scale of improvement achievable through short-term behavioral change, it also confirmed that durable benefits require systemic policy interventions. Strengthening environmental monitoring, building resilient waste management systems, and aligning recovery strategies with climate and biodiversity objectives are essential to embedding the lessons of the pandemic into long-term sustainability planning. This review therefore synthesizes emerging evidence on the environmental impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns, identifying both opportunities and challenges to inform future climate and sustainability strategies.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: A Review

AU  - Abdullahi Hassan Gana
AU  - Abba Idris Sa’id
Y1  - 2025/10/31
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
SP  - 183
EP  - 189
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13
AB  - The COVID-19 pandemic, first identified in late 2019, rapidly transformed social and economic systems worldwide. To contain its spread, many governments imposed strict restrictions that closed businesses, schools, airports, factories, and other socio-economic activities. These unprecedented measures created a global “experiment” in reducing human pressures on the environment, providing valuable insights into how ecosystems respond when anthropogenic activities are curtailed. Short-term environmental improvements were widely reported. Urban air quality improved markedly, with nitrogen dioxide concentrations falling and global daily CO2 emissions declining by up to 17% at the peak of lockdowns. Air pollution dropped by about 25% in China and nearly 50% in New York compared with the previous year. Water bodies also exhibited temporary gains, including greater clarity and reductions in biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, largely due to reduced industrial discharges. Lockdowns further suppressed anthropogenic noise and seismic activity, while wildlife displayed shifts in movement and behavior during the “anthropause.” At the same time, the pandemic introduced new environmental pressures. Increased household wastewater and detergent use added pollutant loads to urban systems, while surges in personal protective equipment (PPE) and medical waste intensified plastic pollution risks. Conservation programs were interrupted, and global CO2 emissions rebounded strongly by 2021, highlighting the temporary nature of early gains. These contrasting outcomes underscore the complexity of human–environment interactions under crisis conditions. While the pandemic revealed the scale of improvement achievable through short-term behavioral change, it also confirmed that durable benefits require systemic policy interventions. Strengthening environmental monitoring, building resilient waste management systems, and aligning recovery strategies with climate and biodiversity objectives are essential to embedding the lessons of the pandemic into long-term sustainability planning. This review therefore synthesizes emerging evidence on the environmental impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns, identifying both opportunities and challenges to inform future climate and sustainability strategies.

VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Abdullahi Hassan Gana

Department of Biological Sciences, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4964-5507
Abba Idris Sa’id

Department of Biological Sciences, Yobe State University, Damaturu, Nigeria

http://orcid.org/0009-0008-3838-3963

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Gana, A. H., Sa’id, A. I. (2025). Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: A Review. American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 9(4), 183-189. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13

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ACS Style

Gana, A. H.; Sa’id, A. I. Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: A Review. Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 2025, 9(4), 183-189. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13

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AMA Style

Gana AH, Sa’id AI. Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: A Review. Am J Environ Sci Eng. 2025;9(4):183-189. doi: 10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13,
  author = {Abdullahi Hassan Gana and Abba Idris Sa’id},
  title = {Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: A Review
},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {183-189},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajese.20250904.13},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic, first identified in late 2019, rapidly transformed social and economic systems worldwide. To contain its spread, many governments imposed strict restrictions that closed businesses, schools, airports, factories, and other socio-economic activities. These unprecedented measures created a global “experiment” in reducing human pressures on the environment, providing valuable insights into how ecosystems respond when anthropogenic activities are curtailed. Short-term environmental improvements were widely reported. Urban air quality improved markedly, with nitrogen dioxide concentrations falling and global daily CO2 emissions declining by up to 17% at the peak of lockdowns. Air pollution dropped by about 25% in China and nearly 50% in New York compared with the previous year. Water bodies also exhibited temporary gains, including greater clarity and reductions in biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, largely due to reduced industrial discharges. Lockdowns further suppressed anthropogenic noise and seismic activity, while wildlife displayed shifts in movement and behavior during the “anthropause.” At the same time, the pandemic introduced new environmental pressures. Increased household wastewater and detergent use added pollutant loads to urban systems, while surges in personal protective equipment (PPE) and medical waste intensified plastic pollution risks. Conservation programs were interrupted, and global CO2 emissions rebounded strongly by 2021, highlighting the temporary nature of early gains. These contrasting outcomes underscore the complexity of human–environment interactions under crisis conditions. While the pandemic revealed the scale of improvement achievable through short-term behavioral change, it also confirmed that durable benefits require systemic policy interventions. Strengthening environmental monitoring, building resilient waste management systems, and aligning recovery strategies with climate and biodiversity objectives are essential to embedding the lessons of the pandemic into long-term sustainability planning. This review therefore synthesizes emerging evidence on the environmental impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns, identifying both opportunities and challenges to inform future climate and sustainability strategies.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Environmental Degradation and Climate Change: A Review

AU  - Abdullahi Hassan Gana
AU  - Abba Idris Sa’id
Y1  - 2025/10/31
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering
SP  - 183
EP  - 189
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-7993
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20250904.13
AB  - The COVID-19 pandemic, first identified in late 2019, rapidly transformed social and economic systems worldwide. To contain its spread, many governments imposed strict restrictions that closed businesses, schools, airports, factories, and other socio-economic activities. These unprecedented measures created a global “experiment” in reducing human pressures on the environment, providing valuable insights into how ecosystems respond when anthropogenic activities are curtailed. Short-term environmental improvements were widely reported. Urban air quality improved markedly, with nitrogen dioxide concentrations falling and global daily CO2 emissions declining by up to 17% at the peak of lockdowns. Air pollution dropped by about 25% in China and nearly 50% in New York compared with the previous year. Water bodies also exhibited temporary gains, including greater clarity and reductions in biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, largely due to reduced industrial discharges. Lockdowns further suppressed anthropogenic noise and seismic activity, while wildlife displayed shifts in movement and behavior during the “anthropause.” At the same time, the pandemic introduced new environmental pressures. Increased household wastewater and detergent use added pollutant loads to urban systems, while surges in personal protective equipment (PPE) and medical waste intensified plastic pollution risks. Conservation programs were interrupted, and global CO2 emissions rebounded strongly by 2021, highlighting the temporary nature of early gains. These contrasting outcomes underscore the complexity of human–environment interactions under crisis conditions. While the pandemic revealed the scale of improvement achievable through short-term behavioral change, it also confirmed that durable benefits require systemic policy interventions. Strengthening environmental monitoring, building resilient waste management systems, and aligning recovery strategies with climate and biodiversity objectives are essential to embedding the lessons of the pandemic into long-term sustainability planning. This review therefore synthesizes emerging evidence on the environmental impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns, identifying both opportunities and challenges to inform future climate and sustainability strategies.

VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download