The Experience of Waste Management in Wad Medani, the Capital of Gezira State Sudan Between Success and Failure

Nagm Eldeen Mubark Ahmed El Disogi; Rihab Muhammad Dafa Allah

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12

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The Experience of Waste Management in Wad Medani, the Capital of Gezira State Sudan Between Success and Failure

Nagm Eldeen Mubark Ahmed El Disogi^*

, Rihab Muhammad Dafa Allah

Published in American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management (Volume 11, Issue 3)

Received: 20 December 2025 Accepted: 15 January 2026 Published: 24 July 2026

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Abstract

This paper aimed to shed light on the experiences that Wad Medani city, Sudan, went through in the waste transfer project during the first quarter of the current century, The paper evaluates four successive waste management models implemented in the studied area between 2000 and 2025, ranging from local authority control to private sector and corporate management. Criteria such as transport efficiency, cost per ton, and community interaction, management efficiency…etc. were utilized to compare these periods. Performance during these experiments varied between success and failure. These four successive experiments are: the private sector experiment (the Turkish company), Wad Medani City Development and Elegance Corporation, Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority, and Greater Wad Medani Locality experiment before and after these three experiments. The study concludes that the corporate model was the most effective, whereas recent conflict and lack of budget have led to significant environmental deterioration, the waste transportation experience by corporations is the best, with the percentage of waste transported by the Wad Medani City Development and Elegance Corporation and the Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority reaching 98% and 67.8%. The paper recommended that, establishment of a special authority for waste management in Wad Medani, along with intensifying community awareness programs, allocating a special site for a waste dump and registering it officially in the land registry, and diversifying the transport fleet are necessary to have and ideal model. It also recommended that it’s prefer to establish a special structure to accommodate male and female cleaning workers in permanent positions.

Published in	American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management (Volume 11, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12
Page(s)	42-52
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Waste Management, Local Authority, Private Sector, Corporation

1. Introduction

Waste management or waste disposal includes the processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal

[1]

, is necessary to be studied in Wad Medani, city, southeast-central Sudan, which has been subjected to the outbreak of violent fighting between the Sudanese people and rebels, forcing thousands of its residents to flee to neighboring areas to escape the conflict.

[2]

Wad Medani lies on the west bank of the Blue Nile 85 miles (136 km) southeast of Khartoum, at an elevation of 1,348 feet (411 meters).

[3]

The rebels replaced the residents, seizing control of the city, Sudan's second-largest, by December 16, 2023. They continued to occupy it until mid-January 2025, when the state was liberated from the clutches of the rebellion.

During the course of a year and a month, the rebellious and destructive Rapid Support Forces militiamen took lives, violated honor, looted public and private property, and extensively destroyed infrastructure and service facilities.

They left behind an environment congested with waste, hazardous pollutants, pests, and disease vectors to an unimaginable degree.

This calls for concerted efforts to overcome this environmental disaster, especially since the commendable efforts exerted by the Greater Wad Medani local government are being hindered by weak capabilities and a lack of the necessary budgets to address this horrific environmental deterioration.

Furthermore, previous experiences in waste management in the city over the past quarter century, ranging from success to failure, should be considered, their positives recognized, and their negatives addressed.

This paper, titled "Waste Management Experiences in Wad Medani: Between Success and Failure," aims to contribute to this endeavor.

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Figure 1. Environental situation of Wad Medani City immediately after the war

[7]

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Figure 2. Governmental and nongovernmental organizations in Wad Medani Cy warning immediately after the war.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Definitions

2.1.1. Hygiene

Hygiene is the science of maintaining health, encompassing all aspects that affect the physical and mental well-being of humans. From a personal perspective, it includes the examination and inspection of food, water, other beverages, clothing, work, sleep, exercise, personal hygiene, and mental health. From a public perspective, it deals with soil, climate, materials, waste disposal, medical care, and disease prevention. Together, these constitute the general concept that complements the concept of environmental management, at the forefront of which is waste management.

2.1.2. Wastes, Garbage

This term is commonly used for waste produced by human activities, including all types of garbage specially plastics which represents the biggest part of wastes in the world. In 2019, 6.1 million tonnes (Mt) of plastic waste leaked into aquatic environments and 1.7 Mt flowed into oceans. There is now an estimated 30 Mt of plastic waste in seas and oceans, and a further 109 Mt has accumulated in rivers. The build-up of plastics in rivers implies that leakage into the ocean will continue for decades to come, even if mismanaged plastic waste could be significantly reduced.

[11]

2.1.3. Waste Management

Waste management is defined as the handling of discarded materials with the aim of eliminating their potential hazards. Waste can be converted into useful products, for example, through recycling, composting, or landfilling. Waste management could be also defined as the process of monitoring, collecting, transporting, treating, recycling, and disposing of or reusing discarded materials.

Countries undertake this process to mitigate the negative impacts of waste on the environment, health, and overall appearance.

2.1.4. Waste Per Capita

Waste per capita is the amount of waste generated by an average person, calculated as total waste divided by population. Globally, the average is around 0.74 kg per person per day, but this varies significantly by income level, with high-income countries generating much more. For example, in the U.S., the average is 951 kg per year, while the EU average (excluding major mineral waste) was 1.8 tons in 2022.

Globally, the average per capita production in urban areas is estimated at 352 kg per year, equivalent to approximately 1 kg per person per day.

2.1.5. Landfill

One solution to dealing with waste is to put it into landfill sites. However, landfill produces around 5 per cent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. It is estimated that 1.6 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) such as methane and landfill gases were generated in 2016. In the same year, the world generated 242 million tonnes of plastic waste. This means that landfill causes BIG problems for our environment.

2.1.6. Zero Waste

A Zero waste approach is a key of sustainable production and consumption.

[5]

. The term means conservation of all resources by means of responsible production, consumption, reuse, and recovery of products, packaging, and materials without burning and with no discharges to land, water, or air that threaten the environment or human health.

[11]

2.1.7. Environmental Awareness

Environmental awareness is having an understanding of the environment, the impacts of human behaviors on it, and the importance of its protection.

[14, 16].

2.1.8. Environmental Protection

Proper waste management reduces pollution of air, water, and soil. It helps in curbing greenhouse gas emissions, especially methane from landfills, and minimizes the impact of hazardous substances

[8].

2.2. Waste Management: Goals

1) The primary goal of waste management is to protect individuals and the environment from the potentially harmful effects of waste. Some materials can pose a health threat if not handled properly.

2) Other goals of waste management are as follows:

a) Creating a better environment, as waste disposal units indirectly contribute to people's well-being by helping them eliminate diseases resulting from the random accumulation of waste.

b) Conserving energy, as recycling some types of waste helps us reduce the use of various energy sources in implementing other types of waste disposal methods.

c) Creating job opportunities, as the recycling industry creates numerous job opportunities to complete the industrial process, with many people adopting this environmentally friendly practice. i.e. Sustainable Solid Waste Management: A Systems Engineering Approach

[9]

d) Following as possible the mandate of IETC, as agreed in Decision 16/34 of UNEP Governing Council, is the transfer of environmentally sound technologies (EST) to developing countries and countries with economies in transition.

[12]

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Figure 3. A diagram represents the processes of Waste Management.

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Figure 4. A diagram represents the two triangles analytical framework.

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Figure 5. A diagram represents how waste management policy contribute sustainable development

[10]

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Figure 6. A diagram represents environmental awareness according to Dreamflower

[13, 15]

3. Materials and Methods

Since 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) handbook Safe management of waste from health-care activities (commonly known as "the Blue Book") has been the definitive information source on how to deal with these wastes, particularly in low and middle income countries.

[6]

Waste management effectiveness could be evaluated according to the following criteria:

1) Quantity of waste transported and its percentage of the total waste in the area

2) Transportation mechanism (efficiency, speed, discipline, comprehensiveness, environmental impact)

3) Program sustainability and management efficiency and discipline

4) Community interaction (awareness, conviction, payment of fees)

5) Environment and general appearance as a result of program effectiveness

6) Public health (reduced disease rates)

7) Cost per ton transported (SDG per ton or USD per ton)

8) Budget availability

4. Results and Discusions

4.1. Wad Medani City

Wad Medani currently covers an area of 65 square kilometers (Northwestern Medani and the popular market - Central Wad Medani - East Wad Medani - the central market). It includes a number of important institutions such as the Ministry of Irrigation, the Agricultural Research Authority, Gezira Scheme, and University of Gezira. It also includes a number of factories and markets (the large market, the small market, the popular market, the central market, and the neighborhood markets). Wad Medani city is a part of Greater Wad Medani Locality, one of the eight localities in Gezira State.

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Figure 7. The main feature in Wad Medani City: Qubat AlSunni.

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Figure 8. Wad Medani Location Map – Gezira State – Sudan.

4.2. Estimating the Total Weight of Waste in Wad Medani

Table 1. Shows total weight of waste in Wad Medani at different periods.

Daily waste weight in tons	Population (1000 habitants)	Year
220	368	2008
228	380	2011
256	427	2016
280	467	2020
316	525	2025

Globally, the average per capita production in urban areas is estimated at 352 kg per year, equivalent to approximately 1 kg per person per day. This includes commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities. This rate is directly proportional to the degree of urbanization of the area. Therefore, in Sudanese cities, it is estimated at approximately 0.65 kg per person per day.

Municipal solid waste generation is predicted to grow from 2.1 billion tons in 2023 to 3.8 billion tonnes by 2050. In 2020, the global direct cost of waste management was an estimated USD 252 billion.

[4]

4.3. Stages of Waste Management in Wad Medani During the Period (2000-2025)

Table 2. Shows waste management stages in Wad Medani.

No.	Responsible party	Period	Stage
1	The experience of transporting waste by the Locality	2000 – 2005	First stage
2	The experience of transporting waste by the Turkish company Tamika Kamin Tamzlak (TKTC)	2006 – 2010	Second stage
3	Waste transport experiment by the Wad Medani City Development and Elegancy Corporation (WMDEC)	2011 – 2015	Third stage
4	Waste transport experiment by the Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority (GSCDA)	2016 – 2020	Fourth stage
5	Waste transport experiment Greater Wad Medani Locality (GWML)	2020 still continued	Fifth stage

4.3.1. The First Phase 2000-2005

The experience of transporting waste by local authorities. as shown in Table 3.

The total waste production during this period was less than 239 tons per day.

Table 3. Shows performance of first stage in Wad Medani city.

No.	Criteria	Performance	Evaluation
1	Quantity of waste transported and its percentage of the total waste in the area	10÷239	5%
2	Transportation mechanism (efficiency, speed, discipline, comprehensiveness, environmental impact	3 – 4 old trucks	4%
3	Program sustainability and management efficiency and discipline	There was no separated department	0
4	Community interaction (awareness, conviction, payment of fees)	Weak	Weak
5	Environment and general appearance as a result of program effectiveness	Bad	Bad
6	Public health (reduced disease rates)	Malaria and typhoid	Bad
7	Cost per ton transported (SDG per ton)	Weak	Weak
8	Budget availability	Weak	Weak

Work during that period was traditional, with intermediate dumps (kush) spread throughout all neighborhoods, and their removal times spaced out until they piled up and emitted foul odors. They were often burned by citizens or local authorities.

4.3.2. Phase II 2006-2010

Waste transport experiment by the Turkish company Tamika Kamin Tazlak.

Total waste production during this period was 239 tons.

Table 4. Shows performance of second stage in Wad Medani city.

No.	Criteria	Performance Per day	Evaluation
1	Quantity of waste transported and its percentage of the total waste in the area	100 ton	42%
2	Transportation mechanism (efficiency, speed, discipline, comprehensiveness, environmental impact	Low capacities compactors	40%
3	Program sustainability and management efficiency and discipline	There was a separated dept.	50%
4	Community interaction (awareness, conviction, payment of fees)	Fees included in water tariff	Weak
5	Environment and general appearance as a result of program effectiveness	Medium	Medium
6	Public health (reduced disease rates)	Medium	Medium
7	Cost per ton transported (SDG per ton)	6000 SDG/ Ton	Highly costive
8	Budget availability	incurring heavy debts	Weak

This is the only time the private sector has participated in a waste disposal project, not only as a participant but also as a full responsibility. However, the profit objective overshadowed the company's performance, and the contract ended with major legal problems that remained unresolved, and with the state incurring heavy debts that took some time to repay.

4.3.3. Phase III 2011-2015

Waste Transport Experiment by Wad Medani City Development and Elegance Corporation.

Total waste production during this period was 254 tons.

Table 5. Shows performance of third stage in Wad Medani city.

No.	Criteria	Performance	Evaluation
1	Quantity of waste transported and its percentage of the total waste in the area	250 ton	98%
2	Transportation mechanism (efficiency, speed, discipline, comprehensiveness, environmental impact	40 kantars + 3compactors	Excellent and comprehensive
3	Program sustainability and management efficiency and discipline	Board of Directors + General Administration + Executive manager + Technical Staff	Disciplined and efficient
4	Community interaction (awareness, conviction, payment of fees)	Good	Good
5	Environment and general appearance as a result of program effectiveness	Excellent	Excellent
6	Public health (reduced disease rates)	Good	Good
7	Cost per ton transported (SDG per ton)	1200 SDG TON	SUITABLE
8	Budget availability	Available	Available

The work during that period was disciplined and comprehensive, as the phenomenon of intermediate landfills (kush) disappeared from all neighborhoods, private sector offices participated extensively, and women participated for the first time. The city won the Cleanest City Award more than once.

4.3.4. Phase IV 2016-2020

Waste Transport Experiment by Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority.

Total waste production during this period was 295 tons.

Table 6. Shows performance of fourth stage in Wad Medani city.

No.	Criteria	Performance	Evaluation
1	Quantity of waste transported and its percentage of the total waste in the area	67.8%	200 ton
2	Transportation mechanism (efficiency, speed, discipline, comprehensiveness, environmental impact	Not including the whole city	Limited capacity - frequently breaks down - only 1-2 floors per day
3	Program sustainability and management efficiency and discipline	Disciplined	Disciplined
4	Community interaction (awareness, conviction, payment of fees)	Good	Good
5	Environment and general appearance as a result of program effectiveness	Good	Good
6	Public health (reduced disease rates)	Good	Good
7	Cost per ton transported (SDG per ton)	Costive	4000 SDG per ton
8	Budget availability		Available

During this period, the Port Sudan copy-paste experiment was transferred, and 1-ton trailers pulled by tractors were brought in. The experiment succeeded in cleaning the market, but the neighborhoods were once again plagued with intermediate dumpsters due to irregularity, the slowness of the transporter, and its inability to enter narrow streets.

4.3.5. Current Stage from 2020 Till Now

Total waste production during this period was 330 tons + the war remains.

Table 7. Shows performance of the current stage in Wad Medani city.

No.	Criteria	Performance	Evaluation
1	Quantity of waste transported and its percentage of the total waste in the area	Compressors x 7 tons (18 m³) x 2 floors (56 tons + efforts)	Less than 30%
2	Transportation mechanism (efficiency, speed, discipline, comprehensiveness, environmental impact	7 compressors 2 floors	Good - not comprehensive
3	Program sustainability and management efficiency and discipline	Effective and disciplined	Effective and disciplined
4	Community interaction (awareness, conviction, payment of fees)	Very good	Very good
5	Environment and general appearance as a result of program effectiveness	Fevers, flies mosquitos … etc	Bad
6	Public health (reduced disease rates)	Fevers, flies mosquitos … etc	Bad
7	Cost per ton transported (SDG per ton)	Unknown	But High
8	Budget availability	Partially available	Not available

The city's environmental situation has deteriorated to a dangerous degree, with garbage spreading uncontrollably and being dumped anywhere. There are no designated places for waste disposal, and only four compactor trucks are operating in this program.

4.4. Comparisons

Table 8. The comparison between the four stages ot waste management in Wad Medani city.

The Experiment	GWML the Locality	GSDCA: Gezira Development and Cleaning Authority	WMDEC: Wad Medani Developing and Elegance Corporation	TKTC: Tamika Kamin Tamzlak Co.
Transported waste to the total %	30	67, 8	98	42
Cost as SDG per Ton	4000	4000	1200	6000

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Figure 9. A comparison between the four experiments of waste transportation in the percentage of transported waste to the total and the cost per ton for each.

4.5. Wad Medani Development and Elegance Corp. Experience: Pros and Cons

4.5.1. Positives

1) Increased waste transfer rate to 250 tons per day, instead of 100 tons.

2) Reduced project cost to SDG 300,000 per month, down from SDG 600,000 per month in the previous pilot and SDG 800,000 per month in the subsequent pilot.

3) Comprehensive cleaning program for all neighborhoods and a consistent schedule.

4) Using the small private sector (dumpers), which has stimulated the market economy and reduced vehicle maintenance costs.

5) Involving women in a first-of-its-kind pilot.

6) Provided the necessary budgets, which has prevented the project from being halted.

7) Full coordination with the Petroleum Administration to secure the required daily fuel quota.

4.5.2. Negatives

1) Resistance to the formation of the authority and insistence on placing obstacles in its way.

2) Lack of permanent employment for waste workers, who are only employed in temporary positions.

3) Overlapping jurisdictions between the authority and some state institutions.

4) The condition of the landfill and the inability to implement its vision.

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1. Conclusion

The paper aimed to shed light on the experiences that Wad Medani city went through in the waste transfer project during the first quarter of the current century (2000-2025), its positives and negatives, and the comparison between them.

The paper concluded that the city had gone through four successive experiments: the private sector experiment (the Turkish company), the Wad Medani Development and Elegance Corporation, the Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority, and the waste management experiment by the local authority before and after these three experiments. Performance varied between success and failure during these experiments.

The paper adopted unified criteria to evaluate the performance of each of these experiments, including: ratio of transported waste to total product, conveyor efficiency, comprehensiveness of the experiment, project management efficiency, community interaction, budget availability and cost per ton.

The paper concluded that the waste transportation experience by agencies is the best, with the percentage of waste transported by the Wad Medani City Development and Elegancy Corporation WMDEC and the Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority GSDCA reaching 98% and 67.8%, respectively. However, the transportation experience by the locality is the worst due to the lack of budgets.

As for the private sector TKTC, the percentage of transfers through it reached only 42%, and the reason is attributed to the fact that the profit goal overshadowed the company’s performance, and the contract ended with major legal problems that remained pending and high debts on the shoulders of the state, the repayment of which took a period of time.

5.2. Recommendations

1) Establish a dedicated waste management state corporation in Wad Medani.

2) Intensify community awareness programs.

3) Allocate a dedicated site for a landfill and officially register it in the land registry.

4) Diversify the transportation fleet, including compactor trucks, dump trucks, and small tuk-tuks capable of navigating narrow streets.

5) Activate the waste transportation program (house-to-house).

6) combat the phenomenon of intermediate landfills.

7) Improving waste management to include all stages and processes, from monitoring, collection, transportation, treatment, recycling, disposal, or reuse.

8) Establishing a dedicated structure to accommodate male and female sanitation workers in permanent positions.

9) Preparing a specific schedule for neighborhoods, two days a week per each, with commitment and discipline in its implementation and Intensifying cleaning in markets.

Abbreviations

GWML	Greater Wad Medani Locality
GSDCA	Gezira Development and Cleaning Authority
WMDEC	Wad Medani Developing and Elegance Corporation
TKTC	Tamika Kamin Tamzlak Co
3 Rs	(Reduce, Reuse and Recycle)
UNEP	United Nations Environment Program
IPCC	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
EST	Environmentally Sound Technologies
IETC	International Environment Technologies Council

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Environment Statistics". United Nations Statistics Division. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
[2]	Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review: Escalating Conflict-Related Sexual and Gender Violence in the Ongoing Sudan Conflict. Available from: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ (assessed 4 Decmber 2024).
[3]	"Wad Madani \| Location & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
[4]	United Nations Environment Program (UNEP): The "Global Waste Management Outlook 2024" report provides data and projections on waste, costs, and the benefits of a circular economy.
[5]	International Day of Zero Waste: Visual Identity Guidelines 2025, United Nations Environment Programme. Available from: https://wedocs.unep.org/items/72186aad-ea99-4e92-a961-53df47cca03b (22 Dec 2025).
[6]	World Health Organization (WHO) handbook Safe management of waste from health-care activities 1999 (commonly known as "the Blue Book".
[7]	State Council for Environment and Natural Resources Workshop on Sustainable Environmental Sanitation in Gezira State. paper entitled: The Experience of Waste Management in Wad Medani City. July 2025.
[8]	Solid Waste Management: Methods and Benefits. Ion Exchange. Available from https://ionexchangeglobal.com/solid-waste-management-methods-and-benefits/#Benef (May 16, 2025).
[9]	Sustainable Solid Waste Management by Ni-Bin Chang ISBN: 1118964543 Publication Date: 2015.
[10]	Solid Wastes Management by Stephen Burnley ISBN: 1118863941 Publication Date: 2014.
[11]	Waste and waste management. BBC. Retrieved 27 May 2025.
[12]	"Guidelines for National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to Opportunities (PDF) ". United Nations Environmental Programme. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
[13]	"Zero Waste Definition. Zero Waste International Alliance". 7 September 2022 [Original date 24 June 2018]. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
[14]	"Plastic pollution is growing relentlessly as waste management and recycling fall short, says OECD". www.oecd.org 22 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
[15]	Dream flower Housing Project. https://www.dreamflower.in/blog/waste-management-in-flats-paving-the-path-to-a-greener-tomorrow/2023
[16]	Pachamama Alliance: Environmental awareness Available from: https://pachamama.org/environmental-awareness/ (accessed 6 October 2022).

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Disogi, N. E. M. A. E., Allah, R. M. D. (2026). The Experience of Waste Management in Wad Medani, the Capital of Gezira State Sudan Between Success and Failure. American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 11(3), 42-52. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12

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Disogi, N. E. M. A. E.; Allah, R. M. D. The Experience of Waste Management in Wad Medani, the Capital of Gezira State Sudan Between Success and Failure. Am. J. Eng. Technol. Manag. 2026, 11(3), 42-52. doi: 10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12

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Disogi NEMAE, Allah RMD. The Experience of Waste Management in Wad Medani, the Capital of Gezira State Sudan Between Success and Failure. Am J Eng Technol Manag. 2026;11(3):42-52. doi: 10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12,
  author = {Nagm Eldeen Mubark Ahmed El Disogi and Rihab Muhammad Dafa Allah},
  title = {The Experience of Waste Management in Wad Medani, the Capital of Gezira State Sudan Between Success and Failure},
  journal = {American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {42-52},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajetm.20261103.12},
  abstract = {This paper aimed to shed light on the experiences that Wad Medani city, Sudan, went through in the waste transfer project during the first quarter of the current century, The paper evaluates four successive waste management models implemented in the studied area between 2000 and 2025, ranging from local authority control to private sector and corporate management. Criteria such as transport efficiency, cost per ton, and community interaction, management efficiency…etc. were utilized to compare these periods. Performance during these experiments varied between success and failure. These four successive experiments are: the private sector experiment (the Turkish company), Wad Medani City Development and Elegance Corporation, Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority, and Greater Wad Medani Locality experiment before and after these three experiments. The study concludes that the corporate model was the most effective, whereas recent conflict and lack of budget have led to significant environmental deterioration, the waste transportation experience by corporations is the best, with the percentage of waste transported by the Wad Medani City Development and Elegance Corporation and the Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority reaching 98% and 67.8%. The paper recommended that, establishment of a special authority for waste management in Wad Medani, along with intensifying community awareness programs, allocating a special site for a waste dump and registering it officially in the land registry, and diversifying the transport fleet are necessary to have and ideal model. It also recommended that it’s prefer to establish a special structure to accommodate male and female cleaning workers in permanent positions.},
 year = {2026}
}

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AB  - This paper aimed to shed light on the experiences that Wad Medani city, Sudan, went through in the waste transfer project during the first quarter of the current century, The paper evaluates four successive waste management models implemented in the studied area between 2000 and 2025, ranging from local authority control to private sector and corporate management. Criteria such as transport efficiency, cost per ton, and community interaction, management efficiency…etc. were utilized to compare these periods. Performance during these experiments varied between success and failure. These four successive experiments are: the private sector experiment (the Turkish company), Wad Medani City Development and Elegance Corporation, Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority, and Greater Wad Medani Locality experiment before and after these three experiments. The study concludes that the corporate model was the most effective, whereas recent conflict and lack of budget have led to significant environmental deterioration, the waste transportation experience by corporations is the best, with the percentage of waste transported by the Wad Medani City Development and Elegance Corporation and the Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority reaching 98% and 67.8%. The paper recommended that, establishment of a special authority for waste management in Wad Medani, along with intensifying community awareness programs, allocating a special site for a waste dump and registering it officially in the land registry, and diversifying the transport fleet are necessary to have and ideal model. It also recommended that it’s prefer to establish a special structure to accommodate male and female cleaning workers in permanent positions.
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Nagm Eldeen Mubark Ahmed El Disogi

Earth Science Department, University of Gezira, Wad Medani City, Sudan

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http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5402-3791
Rihab Muhammad Dafa Allah

Microbiology Department, University of Gezira, Wad Medani City, Sudan

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Disogi, N. E. M. A. E., Allah, R. M. D. (2026). The Experience of Waste Management in Wad Medani, the Capital of Gezira State Sudan Between Success and Failure. American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 11(3), 42-52. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12

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Disogi, N. E. M. A. E.; Allah, R. M. D. The Experience of Waste Management in Wad Medani, the Capital of Gezira State Sudan Between Success and Failure. Am. J. Eng. Technol. Manag. 2026, 11(3), 42-52. doi: 10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12

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Disogi NEMAE, Allah RMD. The Experience of Waste Management in Wad Medani, the Capital of Gezira State Sudan Between Success and Failure. Am J Eng Technol Manag. 2026;11(3):42-52. doi: 10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12,
  author = {Nagm Eldeen Mubark Ahmed El Disogi and Rihab Muhammad Dafa Allah},
  title = {The Experience of Waste Management in Wad Medani, the Capital of Gezira State Sudan Between Success and Failure},
  journal = {American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {42-52},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajetm.20261103.12},
  abstract = {This paper aimed to shed light on the experiences that Wad Medani city, Sudan, went through in the waste transfer project during the first quarter of the current century, The paper evaluates four successive waste management models implemented in the studied area between 2000 and 2025, ranging from local authority control to private sector and corporate management. Criteria such as transport efficiency, cost per ton, and community interaction, management efficiency…etc. were utilized to compare these periods. Performance during these experiments varied between success and failure. These four successive experiments are: the private sector experiment (the Turkish company), Wad Medani City Development and Elegance Corporation, Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority, and Greater Wad Medani Locality experiment before and after these three experiments. The study concludes that the corporate model was the most effective, whereas recent conflict and lack of budget have led to significant environmental deterioration, the waste transportation experience by corporations is the best, with the percentage of waste transported by the Wad Medani City Development and Elegance Corporation and the Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority reaching 98% and 67.8%. The paper recommended that, establishment of a special authority for waste management in Wad Medani, along with intensifying community awareness programs, allocating a special site for a waste dump and registering it officially in the land registry, and diversifying the transport fleet are necessary to have and ideal model. It also recommended that it’s prefer to establish a special structure to accommodate male and female cleaning workers in permanent positions.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Experience of Waste Management in Wad Medani, the Capital of Gezira State Sudan Between Success and Failure
AU  - Nagm Eldeen Mubark Ahmed El Disogi
AU  - Rihab Muhammad Dafa Allah
Y1  - 2026/07/24
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12
T2  - American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management
JF  - American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management
JO  - American Journal of Engineering and Technology Management
SP  - 42
EP  - 52
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1441
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajetm.20261103.12
AB  - This paper aimed to shed light on the experiences that Wad Medani city, Sudan, went through in the waste transfer project during the first quarter of the current century, The paper evaluates four successive waste management models implemented in the studied area between 2000 and 2025, ranging from local authority control to private sector and corporate management. Criteria such as transport efficiency, cost per ton, and community interaction, management efficiency…etc. were utilized to compare these periods. Performance during these experiments varied between success and failure. These four successive experiments are: the private sector experiment (the Turkish company), Wad Medani City Development and Elegance Corporation, Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority, and Greater Wad Medani Locality experiment before and after these three experiments. The study concludes that the corporate model was the most effective, whereas recent conflict and lack of budget have led to significant environmental deterioration, the waste transportation experience by corporations is the best, with the percentage of waste transported by the Wad Medani City Development and Elegance Corporation and the Gezira State Cleaning and Development Authority reaching 98% and 67.8%. The paper recommended that, establishment of a special authority for waste management in Wad Medani, along with intensifying community awareness programs, allocating a special site for a waste dump and registering it officially in the land registry, and diversifying the transport fleet are necessary to have and ideal model. It also recommended that it’s prefer to establish a special structure to accommodate male and female cleaning workers in permanent positions.
VL  - 11
IS  - 3
ER  -

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