Innovative Pathways in Chemical Science: Conducting Polymers at the Forefront

Ravuri Hema Krishna

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12

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Innovative Pathways in Chemical Science: Conducting Polymers at the Forefront

Ravuri Hema Krishna^*

Published in American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology (Volume 11, Issue 1)

Received: 23 August 2025 Accepted: 3 September 2025 Published: 25 September 2025

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Abstract

Conducting polymers (CPs) represent a unique class of organic materials that combine the electronic and optical properties of metals or semiconductors with the mechanical flexibility and processability of conventional polymers. Conducting polymers are organic polymers that conduct electricity due to conjugated double bonds and doping, offering properties similar to metals and semiconductors but with enhanced flexibility and processability. Since the discovery of polyacetylene’s conductivity upon doping, a wide range of conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTh), and their derivatives have been extensively studied. Their electrical conductivity arises from conjugated π-electron systems, which can be modulated through chemical or electrochemical doping. These materials exhibit remarkable advantages including light weight, low cost, tunable conductivity, environmental stability, and potential for large-scale fabrication. As a result, CPs have found diverse applications in energy storage devices (batteries, supercapacitors), sensors, actuators, electrochromic displays, corrosion protection, and biomedical systems. Recent research focuses on enhancing their processability, mechanical strength, and long-term stability while exploring nanocomposites and hybrid systems for multifunctional applications. Conducting polymers thus serve as a bridge between traditional plastics and advanced electronic materials, holding significant promise for next-generation flexible and sustainable technologies. The objective of this study was to be the innovative pathways in chemical science-conducting polymers at the forefront.

Published in	American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology (Volume 11, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12
Page(s)	7-14
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Conducting Polymers (CPs), Delocalization, Hybrid Nature, Organic Electronics, Sustainable Technologies

1. Introduction

The field of conducting polymers (CPs) has evolved significantly since the late 20th century, bridging the gap between traditional insulating polymers and inorganic conductors. The pioneering discovery by

[1]

who demonstrated that polyacetylene could exhibit metallic conductivity upon doping with iodine, marked a paradigm shift in polymer science and later earned them the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2000). This breakthrough established the foundation for exploring conjugated polymers with extended π-electron delocalization as electronically active materials

[2]

Following this milestone, research expanded to other polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), polythiophene (PTh), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), each offering distinctive structural, electrochemical, and processing advantages

[3]

. For instance, PANI attracted significant attention due to its environmental stability and tunable conductivity through protonic acid doping

[4]

. Similarly, PPy was extensively investigated for sensor and actuator applications owing to its ease of synthesis and high conductivity. Polythiophenes and their derivatives, particularly PEDOT, demonstrated excellent optical transparency, flexibility, and processability, making them promising candidates for optoelectronic devices

[5, 6]

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, intensive studies focused on understanding the fundamental transport mechanisms in conducting polymers, primarily involving polarons, bipolarons, and solitons. Parallel advances in synthetic strategies, including electrochemical polymerization, chemical oxidative polymerization, and template-assisted methods, facilitated the fabrication of CPs in various forms such as thin films, nanofibers, and composites

[7, 8]

In the 2000s, attention shifted toward practical applications, particularly in energy storage (supercapacitors, batteries), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), electrochromic devices, and biomedical interfaces. The integration of CPs with nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal oxides) further enhanced their conductivity, mechanical strength, and electrochemical performance

[9, 10]

. More recent studies emphasize flexible electronics, wearable devices, and sustainable energy technologies, highlighting the adaptability of CPs in emerging fields.

Despite remarkable progress, challenges remain in improving long-term stability, mechanical durability, and scalable processing. Current research trends include molecular design of donor-acceptor polymers, hybrid nanocomposites, and green synthesis approach to address environmental and economic concerns

[11]

Thus, conducting polymers have progressed from a fundamental curiosity to a technologically significant class of materials. Their evolution reflects a dynamic interplay between chemistry, physics, and engineering, and they continue to hold promises for shaping the future of organic electronics and sustainable technologies

[12]

Polymers have traditionally been regarded as electrical insulators, widely used in packaging, structural materials, textiles, and coatings. However, the discovery in the late 1970s that polyacetylene could exhibit metallic levels of electrical conductivity upon appropriate doping revolutionized this perception and gave rise to a new class of materials known as conducting polymers (CPs). Unlike conventional polymers, conducting polymers possess a conjugated backbone of alternating single and double bonds, which allows for delocalization of π-electrons. This delocalization, combined with chemical or electrochemical doping, enables these polymers to conduct electricity in a controlled and tunable manner

[13]

Conducting polymers bridges the gap between traditional plastics and inorganic conductors such as metals and semiconductors. They combine useful characteristics of both classes: mechanical flexibility, lightweight nature, and ease of processing typical of polymers, along with electronic, optical, and magnetic properties usually associated with inorganic conductors. Some of the most widely studied conducting polymers include polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTh), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)

[14]

Over the past four decades, conducting polymers have attracted significant scientific and technological interest due to their diverse applications in electrochemical energy storage (batteries, supercapacitors), organic solar cells, sensors, actuators, antistatic coatings, corrosion protection, and biomedical devices. Furthermore, their processability into thin films, fibers, and nanostructures has broadened their utility in flexible and wearable electronics. Despite challenges related to long-term environmental stability, mechanical durability, and controlled synthesis, continuous research in nanocomposites, hybrid systems, and molecular engineering has led to remarkable progress in overcoming these limitations

[15]

. Thus, conducting polymers represents a versatile class of materials at the interface of chemistry, physics, and engineering, offering immense potential for the development of next-generation electronic and energy technologies.

2. Hybrid Nature of Conducting Polymers

The hybrid nature of conducting polymers (CPs) is one of their most distinctive features. Conducting polymers is considered hybrid materials because they combine the advantages of two distinct classes of substances organic polymers and inorganic conductors within a single material system as shown in Figure 1.

1. Polymeric Nature (Organic Traits):

1) Lightweight and flexible compared to metals.

2) Processable into films, fibers, coatings, and nanostructures.

3) Low-cost and scalable synthesis.

4) Possibility of chemical modification through side-chain engineering.

2. Electronic Nature (Inorganic Traits):

1) Possess extended π-conjugated backbones that allow electron delocalization.

2) Conductivity can be tuned from insulating to semiconducting to metallic through doping.

3) Exhibit electroactive, optical, and redox properties similar to semiconductors and metals.

4) Capable of charge storage, transport, and switching.

3. Synergistic Advantages (Hybrid Identity):

1) Tunability: Unlike metals, CPs can have their conductivity modulated chemically or electrochemically.

2) Flexibility + Conductivity: Enable applications in flexible electronics and wearable devices.

3) Biocompatibility + Electrical Activity: Suitable for biomedical devices, tissue engineering, and biosensors.

4) Nanocomposite Integration: Can form hybrids with carbon nanotubes, graphene, or metal oxides to enhance performance.

Thus, the hybrid nature of CPs allows them to act as a bridge between insulating plastics and advanced functional materials, opening opportunities in energy storage, sensors, actuators, electro chromic displays, and bioelectronics

[16-18]

. Their dual identity, structurally organic but electronically active, makes them versatile for both fundamental research and practical applications.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 1. Hybrid nature of conducting polymers.

3. Mechanism of Conducting Polymers

Mechanism of conducting polymers, which is usually explained in terms of charge carriers (polarons, bipolarons, solitons) and doping processes

[19, 20]

3.1. Conjugated Polymer Backbone

1) Conducting polymers (e.g., polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene) have alternating single and double bonds.

2) This creates a π-conjugated system → π-electrons are delocalized across the backbone.

3) In their pure state, these polymers are semiconductors or insulators, because the band gap (2-3 eV) prevents free electron flow.

3.2. Doping: Creating Charge Carriers

1) Conductivity arises when the polymer is doped chemically or electrochemically.

2) Doping introduces new energy levels in the band gap and generates mobile charge carriers.

Types of Charge Carriers:

1) Polaron

1) A radical cation or radical anion (electron deficiency or excess) localized on the chain.

2) Accompanied by local distortion in the polymer backbone.

3) Creates energy states within the band gap → easier charge transport.

2) Bipolaron

1) Formed when two like charges (e.g., two holes or two electrons) localize on a chain segment.

2) More stable than two separate polarons in many systems.

3) Leads to higher conductivity.

3) Soliton

1) Special to degenerate polymers (like polyacetylene).

2) A localized structural defect in the chain, which can be neutral, positively charged, or negatively charged.

3) Moves along the chain and carries charge.

3.3. Charge Transport

After doping, charge carriers (polarons, bipolarons, solitons) move along the conjugated backbone via:

1) Intrachain transport: movement along a single chain (1D delocalization).

2) Interchain hopping transfer between neighboring chains (important in disordered or bulk systems). The movement is assisted by π-electron delocalization and backbone flexibility.

3.4. Energy Band Picture

1) Undoped polymer: large band gap → insulating.

2) Light doping: mid-gap states appear (polarons).

3) Heavy doping: polaron states merge into bands, leading to metallic-like conductivity.

Conducting polymers conduct electricity because doping introduces mobile charge carriers (polarons, bipolarons, solitons) into their conjugated π-electron systems, enabling electrons (or holes) to move along and between polymer chains

[21-23]

. Here’s a visual breakdown of the conduction mechanisms within conducting polymers, illustrating key phenomena like polarons, bipolarons, and solitons. Together, these images and explanations reveal how conducting polymers transition from insulators to functional electronic materials through a combination of conjugated structural design, strategic doping, and dynamic charge carrier migration

[24-26]

4. Image Descriptions

1) Polaron, Bipolaronic, and Soliton Formation in Polyacetylene

This schematic displays the progression from an uncharged polymer backbone to the formation of a soliton a localized defect featuring a mid-gap energy state in degenerate systems such as polyacetylene has shown in Figure 2.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 2. Doping introduces mobile charge carriers (polarons, bipolarons, solitons) in Polyacetylene.

2) Neutral, Positive, and Negative Soliton States

A deeper dive into the energetics, showing how neutral solitons evolve into charged species and introduce mid-gap electronic levels pivotal for charge transport has shown in Figure 3.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 3. Doping introduces mobile charge carriers - Neutral, Positive, and Negative Soliton States.

3) PEDOT: Polaron and Bipolaronic Generation

Demonstrates how oxidative doping in PEDOT gives rise to polarons and bipolarons, along with the associated changes in electronic energy levels have shown in Figure 4.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 4. Doping introduces mobile charge carriers Polaron and Bipolaron Generation.

1) Polaron & Bipolaronic in Polypyrrole

A visual of how these charge carriers form in polypyrrole and contribute to conducting behavior through intrachain and interchain hopping has shown in Figure 5.

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 5. Polaron & Bipolaronic bands in Polypyrrole.

5. Mechanism Overview

A. Conjugated Backbone & π-Electron Delocalization

Conducting polymers (e.g., polythiophene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacetylene) possess alternating single and double bonds along their polymer chains

[27-30]

. This conjugated structure enables π-electrons to delocalize across the backbone, laying the groundwork for potential conductivity as shown in Table 1.

B. Doping: Creating Charge Carriers

1) p-type (oxidative) doping: An electron is removed, producing polarons radical cations that disrupt the conjugated structure and introduce localized energy levels within the band gap

[31]

2) Further oxidation: Leads to bipolarons, which are dicationic or dianionic species with no unpaired spin and more stabilized electronic states. In degenerate polymers like polyacetylene, solutions emerge as neutral or charged defects at the mid-gap, acting as mobile charge carriers

[32]

C. Charge Carrier Migration

Once formed, polarons, bipolarons, or solitons migrate along the conjugated chains, enabling conduction. In disordered systems, interchain hopping aided by dopant ions or structural alignment is also crucial

[33]

D. Charge Density Wave Perspective

Beyond molecular views, physicists describe conducting polymers as supporting charge density waves collective oscillations of electronic density associated with π-bond modulation. This complements the defect-carrier picture in explaining conduction

[34]

E. Summary of Conductivity Mechanism

Conducting polymers are a class of organic polymers that conduct electricity. Unlike conventional polymers (which are typically insulators), conducting polymers have a conjugated backbone structure that allows for charge transport. Their conductivity arises from a combination of their molecular structure and doping processes. The description steps of mechanism are as follows

1. Conjugated backbone provides delocalized π-electrons

2. Doping introduces charge carriers (polarons/bipolarons)

3. Charge carriers move along and between polymer chains

4. Overall electrical conductivity increases significantly

[35]

Table 1. Mechanism Overview of conducting polymers.

Aspect	Mechanism Details
Backbone	Conjugated π-system (alternating bonds) enables electron delocalization
Charge Carriers	Polaron (radical ion) - Bipolaron (spinless, dication/dianion) - Soliton (mid-gap defect in degenerate systems)
Movement Mode	Intrachain migration & interchain hopping, influenced by doping and morphology
Theoretical Lens	Combined view of chemistry (defect states) and physics (charge density waves)

6. Future Directions for Conducting Polymers

Conducting polymers (CPs) have made major strides in recent decades, but there are still exciting and critical future directions across materials science, electronics, energy, and biomedical fields

[36-38]

. Here’s an overview of future research and application directions for conducting polymers.

I Materials Innovation: New Polymer Designs and Molecular Engineering

1) Development of intrinsically stretchable and self-healing conducting polymers.

2) Bio-inspired polymers mimicking natural systems (e.g., muscle-like conductivity changes).

3) Creation of multi-functional CPs combining conductivity with magnetism, optical properties, etc.

4) Precise control over polymer backbone structure, doping levels, and side chains for enhanced properties (e.g., higher mobility, better solubility).

5) Focus on redox-active polymers for improved charge storage and catalysis.

II Energy Storage and Conversion: Batteries and Supercapacitors and Fuel Cells and Solar Cells

1) Use of CPs as active materials or additives in next-gen lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and solid-state batteries.

2) Development of flexible and wearable energy storage devices using CP electrodes.

3) CPs as catalyst supports, membranes, or photoactive layers in organic photovoltaics and fuel cells.

III Biological and Biomedical Applications

1) CPs for neural interfaces, biosensors, and electrostimulation devices due to their mixed ionic-electronic conductivity.

2) Development of biocompatible and biodegradable CPs for temporary implants.

3) CPs for electrically controlled drug release systems.

4) Use in scaffolds for tissue regeneration, especially nerve and cardiac tissues.

IV Flexible and Wearable Electronics

1) Integration of CPs in e-textiles, skin-mounted sensors, and stretchable circuits.

2) Focus on mechanically robust CPs that maintain performance under deformation.

V Environmental and Green Technologies

1) CPs for removal of heavy metals, organic pollutants, and desalination.

2) Development of sustainable synthesis routes (e.g., green solvents, biopolymers as precursors).

VI Hybrid and Composite Systems

1) Combination with nanomaterials (e.g., graphene, CNTs, MXenes) for enhanced mechanical, thermal, or electrical properties.

2) CP-inorganic hybrid materials for synergistic effects in sensing and catalysis.

7. Conclusion

Future directions for conducting polymers lie at the intersection of materials design, device engineering, and real-world application challenges. The field is evolving toward multifunctionality, sustainability, biocompatibility, and adaptability, aiming to meet the needs of flexible electronics, clean energy, and human health.

Abbreviations

CPs	Conducting Polymers
PPy	Polypyrrole
PANI	Polyaniline
PTh	Polythiophene
PEDOT	Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
OPVs	Organic photovoltaics

Acknowledgments

The author is deeply grateful to Almighty God for the wisdom, grace, and strength to complete this manuscript. Special thanks are extended to Dr. M. Sasidhar- Principal, Dr. K. Sai Manoj- CEO, Sri K. Rama Mohana Rao- Secretary and Correspondent, Sri K. Lakshmi Karthik- President, and Sri K. Ramesh Babu- Industrialist and Chairman of Amrita Sai Institute of Science and Technology, whose candor, patience, understanding, and constant encouragement have been a source of inspiration throughout this challenging journey of writing the manuscript. The author also gratefully acknowledges the support and cooperation of all the members of the S&H CRT departments.

Author Contributions

Ravuri Hema Krishna is the sole author. The author read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflicts of interest.

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Krishna, R. H. (2025). Innovative Pathways in Chemical Science: Conducting Polymers at the Forefront. American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology, 11(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12

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Krishna, R. H. Innovative Pathways in Chemical Science: Conducting Polymers at the Forefront. Am. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. 2025, 11(1), 7-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12

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Krishna RH. Innovative Pathways in Chemical Science: Conducting Polymers at the Forefront. Am J Polym Sci Technol. 2025;11(1):7-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12,
  author = {Ravuri Hema Krishna},
  title = {Innovative Pathways in Chemical Science: Conducting Polymers at the Forefront
},
  journal = {American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7-14},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpst.20251101.12},
  abstract = {Conducting polymers (CPs) represent a unique class of organic materials that combine the electronic and optical properties of metals or semiconductors with the mechanical flexibility and processability of conventional polymers. Conducting polymers are organic polymers that conduct electricity due to conjugated double bonds and doping, offering properties similar to metals and semiconductors but with enhanced flexibility and processability. Since the discovery of polyacetylene’s conductivity upon doping, a wide range of conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTh), and their derivatives have been extensively studied. Their electrical conductivity arises from conjugated π-electron systems, which can be modulated through chemical or electrochemical doping. These materials exhibit remarkable advantages including light weight, low cost, tunable conductivity, environmental stability, and potential for large-scale fabrication. As a result, CPs have found diverse applications in energy storage devices (batteries, supercapacitors), sensors, actuators, electrochromic displays, corrosion protection, and biomedical systems. Recent research focuses on enhancing their processability, mechanical strength, and long-term stability while exploring nanocomposites and hybrid systems for multifunctional applications. Conducting polymers thus serve as a bridge between traditional plastics and advanced electronic materials, holding significant promise for next-generation flexible and sustainable technologies. The objective of this study was to be the innovative pathways in chemical science-conducting polymers at the forefront.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Innovative Pathways in Chemical Science: Conducting Polymers at the Forefront

AU  - Ravuri Hema Krishna
Y1  - 2025/09/25
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12
T2  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
JF  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
JO  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
SP  - 7
EP  - 14
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5986
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12
AB  - Conducting polymers (CPs) represent a unique class of organic materials that combine the electronic and optical properties of metals or semiconductors with the mechanical flexibility and processability of conventional polymers. Conducting polymers are organic polymers that conduct electricity due to conjugated double bonds and doping, offering properties similar to metals and semiconductors but with enhanced flexibility and processability. Since the discovery of polyacetylene’s conductivity upon doping, a wide range of conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTh), and their derivatives have been extensively studied. Their electrical conductivity arises from conjugated π-electron systems, which can be modulated through chemical or electrochemical doping. These materials exhibit remarkable advantages including light weight, low cost, tunable conductivity, environmental stability, and potential for large-scale fabrication. As a result, CPs have found diverse applications in energy storage devices (batteries, supercapacitors), sensors, actuators, electrochromic displays, corrosion protection, and biomedical systems. Recent research focuses on enhancing their processability, mechanical strength, and long-term stability while exploring nanocomposites and hybrid systems for multifunctional applications. Conducting polymers thus serve as a bridge between traditional plastics and advanced electronic materials, holding significant promise for next-generation flexible and sustainable technologies. The objective of this study was to be the innovative pathways in chemical science-conducting polymers at the forefront.

VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Ravuri Hema Krishna

Department of Chemistry, Amrita Sai Institute of Science and Technology, Bathinapadu, India

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http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0055-6768

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Table 1

Table 1. Mechanism Overview of conducting polymers.

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APA Style

Krishna, R. H. (2025). Innovative Pathways in Chemical Science: Conducting Polymers at the Forefront. American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology, 11(1), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12

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ACS Style

Krishna, R. H. Innovative Pathways in Chemical Science: Conducting Polymers at the Forefront. Am. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. 2025, 11(1), 7-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12

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AMA Style

Krishna RH. Innovative Pathways in Chemical Science: Conducting Polymers at the Forefront. Am J Polym Sci Technol. 2025;11(1):7-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12,
  author = {Ravuri Hema Krishna},
  title = {Innovative Pathways in Chemical Science: Conducting Polymers at the Forefront
},
  journal = {American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7-14},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpst.20251101.12},
  abstract = {Conducting polymers (CPs) represent a unique class of organic materials that combine the electronic and optical properties of metals or semiconductors with the mechanical flexibility and processability of conventional polymers. Conducting polymers are organic polymers that conduct electricity due to conjugated double bonds and doping, offering properties similar to metals and semiconductors but with enhanced flexibility and processability. Since the discovery of polyacetylene’s conductivity upon doping, a wide range of conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTh), and their derivatives have been extensively studied. Their electrical conductivity arises from conjugated π-electron systems, which can be modulated through chemical or electrochemical doping. These materials exhibit remarkable advantages including light weight, low cost, tunable conductivity, environmental stability, and potential for large-scale fabrication. As a result, CPs have found diverse applications in energy storage devices (batteries, supercapacitors), sensors, actuators, electrochromic displays, corrosion protection, and biomedical systems. Recent research focuses on enhancing their processability, mechanical strength, and long-term stability while exploring nanocomposites and hybrid systems for multifunctional applications. Conducting polymers thus serve as a bridge between traditional plastics and advanced electronic materials, holding significant promise for next-generation flexible and sustainable technologies. The objective of this study was to be the innovative pathways in chemical science-conducting polymers at the forefront.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Innovative Pathways in Chemical Science: Conducting Polymers at the Forefront

AU  - Ravuri Hema Krishna
Y1  - 2025/09/25
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12
T2  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
JF  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
JO  - American Journal of Polymer Science and Technology
SP  - 7
EP  - 14
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5986
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpst.20251101.12
AB  - Conducting polymers (CPs) represent a unique class of organic materials that combine the electronic and optical properties of metals or semiconductors with the mechanical flexibility and processability of conventional polymers. Conducting polymers are organic polymers that conduct electricity due to conjugated double bonds and doping, offering properties similar to metals and semiconductors but with enhanced flexibility and processability. Since the discovery of polyacetylene’s conductivity upon doping, a wide range of conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTh), and their derivatives have been extensively studied. Their electrical conductivity arises from conjugated π-electron systems, which can be modulated through chemical or electrochemical doping. These materials exhibit remarkable advantages including light weight, low cost, tunable conductivity, environmental stability, and potential for large-scale fabrication. As a result, CPs have found diverse applications in energy storage devices (batteries, supercapacitors), sensors, actuators, electrochromic displays, corrosion protection, and biomedical systems. Recent research focuses on enhancing their processability, mechanical strength, and long-term stability while exploring nanocomposites and hybrid systems for multifunctional applications. Conducting polymers thus serve as a bridge between traditional plastics and advanced electronic materials, holding significant promise for next-generation flexible and sustainable technologies. The objective of this study was to be the innovative pathways in chemical science-conducting polymers at the forefront.

VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  -

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