| Peer-Reviewed

Assessment of Renewable Energy and Emissions from Domestic Sewage Treatment in Brazil

Received: 25 September 2014     Accepted: 29 October 2014     Published: 10 November 2014
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

With the growth of the world population, in recent decades, the generation of domestic sewage has increased. In Brazil about 28 million cubic meters of sewage are generated daily and needs to be collected and treated. This task has been one of the biggest challenges for municipal administrators. Disposition of domestic sewage without treatment is a risk to public health and environment. This paper presents scenarios for treatment of domestic sewage with energy recovery and minimization of environmental impacts based on the biodigestion and incineration with the objective of demonstrating to the public administrators the economic and environmental energy potential. The results show that the electrical energy from the biodigestion of sewage sludge is equivalent to the consumption of 1.5 million households and electricity resulting from incineration corresponds to consumption of 1.3 million homes while the emissions are about 0.875 MtCO2 per year compared to 3.585 MtCO2/year released in the biological treatment. In addition, in both processes of treatments, it is possible to recover half of the volume of wastewater for reuse. In this way, adequate treatment of domestic sewage can protect the environment from the drastic charges of sewage while being a source of energy and water, which are indispensable assets for maintenance of life on the planet.

Published in International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (Volume 3, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16
Page(s) 254-260
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Domestic Sewage, Wastewater, Biodigestion, Incineration, Energy, Emission

References
[1] Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, IBGE, “Atlas do Censo demográfico 2010”. Rio de Janeiro, BR, 2013.
[2] WHO/UNICEF. “Progress on sanitation and drinking-water”, Update. World Health Organization and UNICEF, France, 2013.
[3] IBGE/PNAD, “Síntese dos indicadores 2011” Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística- Pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios, Rio de Janeiro, 2012.
[4] I. Bodík and M. Kubaská, “Energy and sustainability of operation of a wastewater treatment plant”. Environment Protection Engineering, vol..39, no.2, 2013.
[5] M. R. Ghazy, T. Dockhorn and N. Dichtl, “Economic and environmental assessment of sewage sludge treatment processes application in Egypt”, Fifteenth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC-15. Alexandria, Egypt, 2011.
[6] G. Petersen, “Life Cycle Assessment of four sludge disposal routes”, Master Thesis, Environment Systems Analysis, Goteborg, Sweden, 2001.
[7] UNSTAT, “Environmental indicators. Population connected to wastewater collecting systems”, United Nation Statistic Division, 2011, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/wastewater.htm
[8] OECD, “Environment at a glance 2013” OECD Indicators: Wastewater treatment. http://www.oecd.org/oecddirect/
[9] IPCC, “Climate Change: Mitigation”. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
[10] IPCC, “Guidelines for National Greenhouse by Gas Inventories”, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,.vol.5, Waste, 2006.
[11] UNU/INWEH, “World lacks data on wastewater reuse: rising reuse of wastewater in forecast but world lacks data on ’a massive potential Resource”, United Nations University / Institute for Water, Environment and Health, 2013, http://inweh.unu.edu/rising-reuse-wastewater/
[12] MCidades, “Diagnóstico dos Serviços de Água e Esgoto 2011”, Ministério das Cidades/SNSA/ SNIS, Brasília, BR, 2013.
[13] Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, IBGE, Atlas de Saneamento, 2011. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/atlas_saneamento/default_zip.shtm
[14] ANA, “Conjuntura dos recursos hídricos no Brasil”, Informe 2013, Agência Nacional das Águas, Brasília, BR, 2013.
[15] MMA, “Política de águas e educação ambiental: processos dialógicos e formativos em planejamento e gestão de recursos hídricos”, Organizadores: Franklin de Paula Junior e Suraya Modaelli, 3.ed., Ministério do Meio Ambiente, MMA/SRHU, Brasília, BR, 2013.
[16] G. Tchobanoglous, H. Theisen and S. A. Vigil, “Integrated Solid Waste Management, Engineering Principles and Management Issues”, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993.
[17] P. J. Reddy, “Municipal solid waste management: processing, energy recovery, global examples”, BS Publications, India, 2011.
[18] F. A. M. Lino and K. A. R. Ismail, “Alternative treatments for the municipal solid waste and domestic sewage in Campinas, Brazil”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 81, pp. 24– 30, 2013.
[19] EC, European Commission, “Integrated pollution prevention and control”. Reference document on the best available techniques for waste incineration. 2006.
[20] MMA, “Módulo específico: licenciamento ambiental de Estações de tratamento de Esgoto e aterros sanitários”, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, BR, 2009.
[21] H. Tammemagi, “The waste crisis: Landfills, incinerators and the search for a sustainable future”.Oxford University Press New York, USA, 1999.
[22] F. R. Spellman, “Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations”, Lewis Publishers CRC Press Company, 2003.
[23] Milieu, “Environmental, economic and social impacts of the use of sewage sludge on land”, Interim report prepared by Milieu Ltd., WRC and RPA, 2008.
[24] I. S. Turovskiy, P. K. Mathai, “Wastewater Sludge Processing”. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2006.
[25] ISWA, “Waste-to-energy: state of the art report”, International Solid Waste Association Statistic, 6th edition, 2012.
[26] J. W. Rose and J. R. Cooper, “Technical data on fuels”, 7th edition, The British National Committee, London. 1977.
[27] S. Monni, R. Pipatti, A. Lehtilä, I. Savolainen, S. Syri, “Global climate change mitigation scenarios for solid waste management”, VTT publications, 603, ESPOO, 2006.
[28] MCT, “Projeto Usina Verde: Incineração de resíduos sólidos urbanos, com carga de composição similar ao RDF, evitando emissão de metano e promovendo geração de eletricidade para autoconsumo”, Brasília: Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia, MCT, 2008, http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/581778/.
[29] W.R. Niessen, “Combustion and Incineration Processes”. 3rd Edition: Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, USA, 2002.
[30] MME, “Anuário Estatístico de energia elétrica 2012”, Ministério de Minas e Energia, 258p. BR, 2012,. http://www.epe.gov.br/AnuarioEstatisticodeEnergiaEletrica/20120914_1.pdf
[31] F. A. M. Lino, “Proposta de aproveitamento do potencial energético do resíduo sólido urbano e do esgoto doméstico com minimização dos impactos ambientais”, Doctorate Thesis, State University of Campinas, 2014.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Fatima Aparecida de Morais Lino, Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail. (2014). Assessment of Renewable Energy and Emissions from Domestic Sewage Treatment in Brazil. International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, 3(5), 254-260. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Fatima Aparecida de Morais Lino; Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail. Assessment of Renewable Energy and Emissions from Domestic Sewage Treatment in Brazil. Int. J. Energy Power Eng. 2014, 3(5), 254-260. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Fatima Aparecida de Morais Lino, Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail. Assessment of Renewable Energy and Emissions from Domestic Sewage Treatment in Brazil. Int J Energy Power Eng. 2014;3(5):254-260. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16,
      author = {Fatima Aparecida de Morais Lino and Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail},
      title = {Assessment of Renewable Energy and Emissions from Domestic Sewage Treatment in Brazil},
      journal = {International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering},
      volume = {3},
      number = {5},
      pages = {254-260},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepe.20140305.16},
      abstract = {With the growth of the world population, in recent decades, the generation of domestic sewage has increased. In Brazil about 28 million cubic meters of sewage are generated daily and needs to be collected and treated. This task has been one of the biggest challenges for municipal administrators. Disposition of domestic sewage without treatment is a risk to public health and environment. This paper presents scenarios for treatment of domestic sewage with energy recovery and minimization of environmental impacts based on the biodigestion and incineration with the objective of demonstrating to the public administrators the economic and environmental energy potential. The results show that the electrical energy from the biodigestion of sewage sludge is equivalent to the consumption of 1.5 million households and electricity resulting from incineration corresponds to consumption of 1.3 million homes while the emissions are about 0.875 MtCO2 per year compared to 3.585 MtCO2/year released in the biological treatment. In addition, in both processes of treatments, it is possible to recover half of the volume of wastewater for reuse. In this way, adequate treatment of domestic sewage can protect the environment from the drastic charges of sewage while being a source of energy and water, which are indispensable assets for maintenance of life on the planet.},
     year = {2014}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Assessment of Renewable Energy and Emissions from Domestic Sewage Treatment in Brazil
    AU  - Fatima Aparecida de Morais Lino
    AU  - Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail
    Y1  - 2014/11/10
    PY  - 2014
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16
    T2  - International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
    JF  - International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
    JO  - International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
    SP  - 254
    EP  - 260
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2326-960X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20140305.16
    AB  - With the growth of the world population, in recent decades, the generation of domestic sewage has increased. In Brazil about 28 million cubic meters of sewage are generated daily and needs to be collected and treated. This task has been one of the biggest challenges for municipal administrators. Disposition of domestic sewage without treatment is a risk to public health and environment. This paper presents scenarios for treatment of domestic sewage with energy recovery and minimization of environmental impacts based on the biodigestion and incineration with the objective of demonstrating to the public administrators the economic and environmental energy potential. The results show that the electrical energy from the biodigestion of sewage sludge is equivalent to the consumption of 1.5 million households and electricity resulting from incineration corresponds to consumption of 1.3 million homes while the emissions are about 0.875 MtCO2 per year compared to 3.585 MtCO2/year released in the biological treatment. In addition, in both processes of treatments, it is possible to recover half of the volume of wastewater for reuse. In this way, adequate treatment of domestic sewage can protect the environment from the drastic charges of sewage while being a source of energy and water, which are indispensable assets for maintenance of life on the planet.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Bar?o Geraldo, Campinas, Brazil

  • Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Bar?o Geraldo, Campinas, Brazil

  • Sections