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Consumption of Whole Grains by a Sample of Saudi Adults

Received: 23 February 2016     Accepted: 5 March 2016     Published: 16 March 2016
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Abstract

This study aimed to assess the consumption of grain groups and their products in a sample of adult Saudis in Riyadh and to determine how much of whole grains and their products were consumed. The study adopted a descriptive method in which a questionnaire designed to include demographic data, a semi-quantitative dietary frequency form and questions regarding the reasons for not consuming whole grains and their products was administered to the participants. Data were collected from 150 adult Saudis of both sexes. The findings revealed that 43.30% of the participants consumed whole grains and their products at a rate of 6–11 portions per day, while 57.30% of the participants did not daily consume any kind of whole grain or their products. Bread and white rice were most often consumed by the participants. Among the participants, 36% reported that not accepting the taste of whole grains and their products was one of the most important reasons for not consuming them. Other reasons, such as their unavailability in various forms on a daily basis in small food supply stores, were mentioned by 31% of the participants. The study also revealed the existence of a significant negative correlation between the participants’ demographic characteristics and the consumption rate of the group of grains and their products. Higher education level and the family being joint (extended) were correlated with lower consumption of grains group and their products.

Published in International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences (Volume 5, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20160502.14
Page(s) 117-123
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Grains Group, Whole Grains, Adult Saudis, Demographic Data

References
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[2] S. S. Jonnalagadda, L. Harnack, R. H. Liu, N. McKeown, C. Seal, S. Liu, and G. C. Fahey, Putting the Whole Grain Puzzle Together: Health Benefits Associated with Whole Grains—Summary of American Society for Nutrition 2010 Satellite Symposium. J. Nutr. vol. 14, pp. 11011–1022, 2010.
[3] Whole grains council. (2006). The Inside story. Nutrition action health letter.
[4] J. M. Chan, F. Wang, and E. A. Holly, Whole grains and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large population-based case-control study in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. Am. J. Epidemiol. vol.166, pp. 1174–1185, 2007.
[5] A. Costabile, A. Klinder, F. Fava, A. Napolitano, V. Fogliano, C. Leonard, G. R. Gibson, and K. M. Tuohy, Whole-grain wheat breakfast cereal has a prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Br. J. Nutr. vol. 99, pp. 110–120, 2008.
[6] J. S. De Munter, F. B. Hu, D. Spiegelman, M. Franz, and R. M. van Dam, Whole grain, bran, and germ intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and systematic review. PLoS Med. vol. 4, pp. 261, 2007.
[7] C. K. Good, N. Holschuh, A. M. Albertson, and A. L. Eldridge, Whole grain consumption and body mass index in adult women: an analysis of NHANES 1999-2000 and the USDA pyramid servings database. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. vol. 27. pp. 80–87, 2008.
[8] M. K. Jensen, P. Koh-Banerjee, M. Franz, L. Sampson, M. Gronbaek, and E. B. Rimm, Whole grains, bran, and germ in relation to homocysteine and markers of glycemic control, lipids, and inflammation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. vol. 83, pp. 275–283, 2006.
[9] H. I. Katcher, R. S. Legro, A. R. Kunselman, P. J. Gillies, L. M. Demers, D. M. Bagshaw, and P. M. Kris-Etherton, The effects of a whole grain-enriched hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women with metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. vol. 87, pp. 79–90, 2008.
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[11] Ministry of Health. (2012). Dietary Guidelines for Saudis The healthy Food Palm General Directorate of Nutrition. http://www.moh.gov.sa/.
[12] J. E. Maras, P. K. Newby, P. J. Bakun, L. Ferrucci, and K. L. Tucker, Whole grain intake: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J. Food Compost. Anal. 1. vol. 22, pp. 53–58, 2009.
[13] L. E. Cleveland, A. J. Moshfegh, A. M. Albertson, and J. D. Goldman, Dietary Intake of Whole Grains. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. vol. 19, pp. 331–338, 2000.
[14] R. Lang, and S. A. Jebb, Who consumes whole grains, and how much? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. vol. 62, pp. 123–127, 2003.
[15] C. W. Thane, A. R. Jones, A. M. Stephen, C. J. Seal, and S. A. Jebb, Whole-grain intake of British young people aged 4-18. Br. J. Nutr. vol. 94, pp. 825-831, 2005.
[16] S. Sharma, T. Sheehy, and L. N. Kolonel, Ethnic differences in grains consumption and their contribution to intake of B-vitamins: results of the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Nutr. J. vol. 12, pp. 65, 2013, DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-65.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Jozaa Zaidan Al Tamimi. (2016). Consumption of Whole Grains by a Sample of Saudi Adults. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 5(2), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20160502.14

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    ACS Style

    Jozaa Zaidan Al Tamimi. Consumption of Whole Grains by a Sample of Saudi Adults. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2016, 5(2), 117-123. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20160502.14

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    AMA Style

    Jozaa Zaidan Al Tamimi. Consumption of Whole Grains by a Sample of Saudi Adults. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2016;5(2):117-123. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20160502.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijnfs.20160502.14,
      author = {Jozaa Zaidan Al Tamimi},
      title = {Consumption of Whole Grains by a Sample of Saudi Adults},
      journal = {International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences},
      volume = {5},
      number = {2},
      pages = {117-123},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijnfs.20160502.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20160502.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnfs.20160502.14},
      abstract = {This study aimed to assess the consumption of grain groups and their products in a sample of adult Saudis in Riyadh and to determine how much of whole grains and their products were consumed. The study adopted a descriptive method in which a questionnaire designed to include demographic data, a semi-quantitative dietary frequency form and questions regarding the reasons for not consuming whole grains and their products was administered to the participants. Data were collected from 150 adult Saudis of both sexes. The findings revealed that 43.30% of the participants consumed whole grains and their products at a rate of 6–11 portions per day, while 57.30% of the participants did not daily consume any kind of whole grain or their products. Bread and white rice were most often consumed by the participants. Among the participants, 36% reported that not accepting the taste of whole grains and their products was one of the most important reasons for not consuming them. Other reasons, such as their unavailability in various forms on a daily basis in small food supply stores, were mentioned by 31% of the participants. The study also revealed the existence of a significant negative correlation between the participants’ demographic characteristics and the consumption rate of the group of grains and their products. Higher education level and the family being joint (extended) were correlated with lower consumption of grains group and their products.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

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    T2  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
    JF  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
    JO  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
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    AB  - This study aimed to assess the consumption of grain groups and their products in a sample of adult Saudis in Riyadh and to determine how much of whole grains and their products were consumed. The study adopted a descriptive method in which a questionnaire designed to include demographic data, a semi-quantitative dietary frequency form and questions regarding the reasons for not consuming whole grains and their products was administered to the participants. Data were collected from 150 adult Saudis of both sexes. The findings revealed that 43.30% of the participants consumed whole grains and their products at a rate of 6–11 portions per day, while 57.30% of the participants did not daily consume any kind of whole grain or their products. Bread and white rice were most often consumed by the participants. Among the participants, 36% reported that not accepting the taste of whole grains and their products was one of the most important reasons for not consuming them. Other reasons, such as their unavailability in various forms on a daily basis in small food supply stores, were mentioned by 31% of the participants. The study also revealed the existence of a significant negative correlation between the participants’ demographic characteristics and the consumption rate of the group of grains and their products. Higher education level and the family being joint (extended) were correlated with lower consumption of grains group and their products.
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Author Information
  • Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Home Economics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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