Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Rupture Characteristics and Lhatse County Building Damage Features of the Dingri 6.8 Magnitude Earthquake

Received: 5 June 2026     Accepted: 14 July 2026     Published: 13 August 2026
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Abstract

On January 7, 2025, a magnitude 6.8 earthquake occurred in Tingri County, Shigatse City, Tibet Autonomous Region. The Dengmo Cuo fault (one of the north-south rift fault systems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a main fault in the Shenzha-Dingjie fault zone, with a trace near NS, a westward inclination and a near vertical dip angle) formed a rupture zone with a vertical dislocation with a height of nearly 3m and a cumulative width of about 300m, which caused heavy casualties and property losses to the earthquake area. The observation of Dengmo Cuo fault shows that the fault fault differs greatly in different site conditions, which reflects the influence of site conditions on the fault fault. Houses and buildings in Quxia Town, Lazi County, which is 66km from the epicenter, also suffered serious damage, with the intensity reaching VII degree. This paper investigates the earthquake damage of hospitals, schools and houses in Quxia Town, Lazi County, and mainly analyzes the reasons for the earthquake damage of houses. It is concluded that the main reason is that Lazi County is located in the extension direction of Dengmo Cuo fault. The strong fault misalignment causes the area with earthquake intensity above VII to expand by more than 30% compared with the earthquake of the same magnitude. At the same time, the seismic liquefaction of the superimposed site and the insufficient seismic capacity of houses and buildings have caused the loss of this earthquake disaster to be more serious than that of the earthquake of the same magnitude. Lazi County is located in the northward extension direction of Dengmo Cuo fault, and it is located in the place where the Shenzha-Dingjie fault zone is distributed. It is likely that the dislocation of hidden faults has occurred, but it does not extend to the surface. This study can provide reference for urban planning and seismic fortification near active fault zones in Tibet.

Published in Science Research (Volume 14, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.sr.20261404.21
Page(s) 218-225
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Dingri 6.8 Magnitude Earthquake, Dengmo Cuo Fault, Lazi County, Buildings Damage, Seismic Liquefaction

1.引言
北京时间2025年1月7日9时5分,西藏自治区日喀则市定日县发生6.8级地震,中国地震台网正式测定震中位于28°30′N、87°27′E,震源深度为10km,面波震级为Ms6.8。地震震中距离定日县政府驻地约10km,距日喀则市政府驻地约160km。地震发生后,多个研究机构给出了定日地震震源机制解和运动学震源模型(USGS,2025;中国地震局地球物理研究所,2025),结果显示:定日地震矩震级在Mw7.0左右,正断层为主,发震断层是申扎-定结断裂带内的登么错断裂。
受当地典型房屋结构(以土/石木结构为主)抗震性能和发震时段大多居民居家的因素影响,截至1月7日19时,地震已造成126人死亡,大量房屋受损,死亡人数远超以往认识。根据本次地震的烈度图(王东明,2025),本次地震烈度最高达到Ⅸ度,Ⅸ度(9度)区面积约411 km2,涉及日喀则市定日县的5个乡镇,Ⅷ度(8度)区面积约869 km2,涉及定日县的8个乡镇,Ⅶ度(7度)面积约5350 km2,涉及日喀则市定日县、拉孜县、定结县的20个乡镇,Ⅵ度(6度)区面积约17356 km2,涉及定日县、拉孜县、定结县等6个县共38个乡镇。拉孜县位于破裂带的北端。等根据邢珂(2025) 、石峰(2025) 、邵延秀(2025) 给出的地震地表破裂带特征分析,地表破裂长度50~80km,地表裂缝宽度最宽到4m,最大垂直位错2~4m。
中国历史上曾发生多次正断层型大地震,其中在鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂中较多(国家地震局,1988),如1303年山西洪洞8级地震、1695年山西临汾7¾级地震、1739年银川7½级地震。尽管历史上正断层地震较多,但现代仪器记录以来,产生明显地表破裂并由详细记录的正断层地震较少。对正断层大地震的同震地表破裂几何展布及同震位移变化特征开展调查研究在活动断层的抗断评价方面意义重大,Wells and Coppersmith(1994)从历史地震数据中总结经验参数用于解释地表断层的分布和规模,本次地震的破裂带受多种复杂场地条件影响,表现出分段性和多样性,这对研究正断层受不同场地影响而产生的位错变形提供了很好的例证。此前李小军、王龙也提出了房屋震害特征受场地条件影响,例如山腰陡坎和山顶处的房屋震害相对山脚均有不同程度的加重。
本文作者参加了定日6.8级地震的震后科考工作,调查了登么错断裂的破裂带展布、地震地质灾害,对正断层地表破裂受场地条件影响给出了初步的认识。调查了拉孜县曲下镇的医院、学校和民房震害,分析了震害成因。
2.登么错断裂的破裂带调查
登么错断裂是这次地震的发震断裂,根据中国地震灾害防御中心的研究成果(图1),登么错断裂是申扎-定结断裂带的一条主干断裂,是青藏高原南北向裂谷断裂系的重要组成部分,断裂主要沿近南北向的断陷盆地发育,北起申扎县,经谢通门县,穿雅鲁藏布江南至定结县,地貌特征较为显著。申扎-定结断裂带由四条主干断裂组成,分别是登么错断裂、郭加断裂、定结断裂和麻布加断裂。登么错断裂沿长所乡、登么错东侧山麓地带展布,往南延伸至朋曲南岸,原来调查显示出露地表约30km。在长所乡古荣村正东山前,该断裂断错两期洪积扇,分别形成了高7~8 m和12~13m的陡坎(徐伟,)。
本次科考主要调查了登么错断裂三个地点的同震位错和破裂带,从南到北分别是长所乡强噶村、古荣村和尼辖乡雪荣村。
第一个考察的地点是长所乡强噶村(图2,对应图1观察点3),破裂带主要位于断层的上盘,该断裂展布较宽,累计破裂带宽度约300米,表现为近断层表现为张裂隙,出现多条平行断裂的拉张型小型地堑,最大的地堑的宽度达到10m以上,最小的也达到3m,其中最大垂直位错达到1.2m,成水平排列,形成壮观的阶梯状堆叠式构造;远断层表现为挤压,有多处挤压脊,其中有砂土液化沿着挤压脊喷出,土层最大液化发育长度约1m(图2图1观察点4)。一个6.8级的地表位错如此之大,远超以往的认识。经过分析认为:近断层位于山前的洪积扇上,地面有一定的坡度,近断层位错叠加重力地形效应和地下砂土液化造成了宏观上水平位错被放大;远断层地面坡度不明显,收到近断层的扩展挤压后产生了,张应力无处释放,只能以挤压的形式释放应力,造成挤压隆起。
根据据震中约10km的《国道219改建萨嘎县至康马县地震安全性评价报告》中协林藏布桥的场地钻孔揭示(图3,对应图1观察点5),场地土层主要由第四系全新统(Q4al+pl)冲洪积粉质粘土及细砂组成,细砂及砂砾主要分布在0~15.0m左右,其下15~90m左右为淤泥质粉质粘土及粉质粘土,90m以下主要为细砂。含有容易造成地震液化的饱和砂土地层。
图1 西藏定日6. .8级发震断裂和观察点及周围历史地震分布图。
Figure 2. 图2 登么错断裂南端(长所乡强噶村附近)地表破裂带。
Figure 3. 图3 协林藏布桥钻孔柱状图。
第二个考察的地点是长所乡的古荣村(图4,对应图1观察点2),古荣村是此次房屋和人员伤亡震害最严重的地区之一,房屋绝大部分被震倒塌,造成了严重的人员伤亡。登么错断裂从该村东约1km山坡上穿过,这里地形陡峭,原有的断层陡坎上再次发生破裂,地表破裂以正断层为主,垂直位错约80cm,水平位错约30cm,破裂带的累计展布宽度大约有30米,除主干断裂外,次级破裂带的水平位错宽度只有不到10cm,呈斜列状分布,没有见到液化现象,但有明显的岩石受到震动发生位移的现象,位移约10cm。可以看到本次地震的发震断层在老的发震断裂上原地重复发生,老的断层陡坎大约有8米高左右,这里地形高差大,不在洪积扇上,远离湖泊,也没有液化现象,地基没有发生变化,所以没有造成较大和较宽的破裂带。
第三个考察的地点是尼辖乡雪荣村(图5,对应图1观察点1),位于尼辖乡尼辖水库附近,最大垂直位错达到2.8m,水平位错1.2m,破裂带的累计展布宽度大约有100米。这也是本次科考的最高海拔,达到5300m,此处高寒缺氧。这个地方位于水库的边缘地带,破裂带穿过多出山脊,有的地方宽,有地地方窄,最宽处上百米,可见由于断裂位错形成的冰瀑、冰湖、挤压包,冰上冰脊隆、液化流砂,阶梯状破裂带等,多处垂直位错超过2m。也是本次断裂考察的最大位错处。分析其原因主要地表断裂叠加斜坡地形和液化场地条件。
Figure 4. 图4 登么错断裂中段(长所乡古荣村附近)地表破裂带。
Figure 5. 图5 登么错断裂北段(尼辖乡雪荣村附近)地表破裂带。
3.拉孜县典型房屋震害调查
日喀则市拉孜县是日喀则市的第三大县,截至2023年,拉孜县的常住人口为56,355人(拉孜县人民政府网站),该县城所在地曲下镇,地势平坦,发展潜力巨大,对接一带一路,是日喀则市各个对外口岸的对接地,也是日喀则市的西部中心。距本次的微观震中约66km,距本次地震的宏观震中即最大位错的雪来村尼辖错约41km。本次地震中遭受了较严重的破坏,位于地震烈度Ⅶ度(7度)区,此次地震造成该县死亡3人,是除定日县之后唯一有死亡人口的重灾区,震后我们对位于该县曲下镇的医院、学校、新建民房、老旧民房进行了调查,对震害进行分析。
安晓文 研究发现鲁甸地震震级不高但造成的破坏极为严重,主要原因是房屋抗震性能较差,外加严重的地震地质灾害。邱斌等深入研究了景谷地震的建筑结构震害,从整体震害程度来看,景谷地震较鲁甸地震要轻,但也造成较大的经济损失.洪海春等进行了鲁甸与景谷地震的震害对比分析,表明景谷地震灾区的地质环境与房屋建筑抗震性能较好,造成的人员伤亡及结构损坏远小于鲁甸地震。拉孜县的地质环境与房屋建筑抗震性能较差,震害较大也有这个特点。
3.1.拉孜县中心医院震害情况
拉孜县中心医院是一座框架结构的4层综合楼,地震后受损严重,主要震害是外立面开裂,楼顶女儿墙部分脱漏,楼梯间开裂,填充墙开裂等,承重构件柱、梁、板(楼板、屋面板)基本没有破坏(图6,对应观察点6)。
Figure 6. 图6 拉孜县中心医院震害。
3.2.拉孜县中学震害情况
拉孜县中心医院是一座框架结构的3层综合楼,地震后受损严重,主要震害是外立面开裂,楼顶女儿墙部分脱漏,楼梯间开裂,填充墙开裂等,承重构件柱没有破坏,但是承接楼梯的承台发生了严重的开裂(图7,对应观察点6)。
Figure 7. 图7 拉孜县中学震害。
3.3.拉孜县老旧民房震害情况
调查了两处老旧民房,均是二层,土木结构为主,以土坯为主,房屋四周没有构造柱,内部开间较大,有木框支撑,俗称土木内框架结构。震后发生了开裂,外墙外闪倒塌,内墙贯穿是裂缝等(图8,对应观察点6)。
Figure 8. 图8 拉孜县老旧民房破坏(拉孜县曲下镇隆东江热村,评定烈度Ⅶ度)。
4.震害分析
本次定日6.8级地震,根据地震烈度图,本次地震的Ⅸ度至Ⅵ度的长半轴分别是17km、25km、68km和112km,拉孜县曲下镇位于Ⅶ度区;根据中国西部青藏区的烈度衰减关系公式(1)计算及系数(表1):Ⅸ度区长半轴约5km,Ⅷ度区长半轴18 km,Ⅶ度区长半轴47km,Ⅵ度区长半轴96km,同等烈度扩大了:240%,39%,45%,17%,尤其是Ⅸ度-Ⅶ度,达到30%以上;如果根据Mw7.0级地震计算,Ⅸ度区长半轴约7km,Ⅷ度区长半轴24 km,Ⅶ度区长半轴58km,Ⅵ度区长半轴113km,同等烈度扩大了:143%,4%,17%,-1%,考虑到Ⅸ度区的震中饱和,Ⅷ-Ⅵ度最大误差17%,基本一致,以上详见表2
衰减关系:
I=A+BM+Clg(R+R0)±σ(1)
其中:I:烈度,M:震级,R震中距,A、B、C:回归系数,R0:饱和距离,σ:方差
本次地震拉孜县震害偏重的原因可能是地表破裂达到了26km,并且破裂方向指向拉孜县,拉孜县虽然没有发现明显的地表破裂,但拉孜县位于登么错断裂的向北延伸方向,且位于申扎-定结断裂带的展布通过的地方,可能发生了隐伏断裂的错动,但是没有通到地表,希望在震后恢复重建时一定要开展活断层探测,避让活断层。
表1 中国西部青藏区的烈度衰减关系模型。

A

B

C

R0

σ

备注

6.458

1.2746

-4.4709

25

0.6636

青藏区

3.3682

1.2746

-3.3119

9

0.6636

表2 根据衰减关系计算烈度范围和实际调查烈度范围比较。

烈度

长半轴(km)

短半轴(km)

长半轴(km)

短半轴(km)

长半轴(km)

短半轴(km)

长半轴(km)

短半轴(km)

实测值

17

7

25

13

68

31

112

68

Ms6.8

5

3

18

10

47

29

96

67

范围扩大比

240%

133%

39%

30%

45%

7%

17%

1%

Mw7.0

7

4

24

13

58

36

113

82

范围扩大比

143%

75%

4%

0%

17%

-14%

-1%

-17%

5.结论
正断层在发震地表破裂时会因为所处的山区地形和场地砂土液化条件,破裂带的范围明显不同,同时叠加垂直位错达到或接近3m,破裂带宽度达到300m,但如果不考虑场地条件影响,位错很可能和古荣村附近的位错一致,垂直位错在0.8m左右,破裂带宽度达到30m,所以在对正断层位错进行计算时一定要考虑到场地条件的影响,松散的场地影响可以放大到3-4倍垂直位错,影响范围宽度也会达到300m,恢复重建的避让距离考虑达到500m以上。据科考结果拉孜县位于登么错断裂的向北延伸方向,处于隐伏断裂带,没有发现明显的地表断裂,考虑避让时要开展活断层探测,设法避让活断层。
文章只是对正断层发震产生的破裂带范围和同震位错进行了定性的分析,缺乏定量的数值分析和统计经验关系。本文是震后科考的部分总结,感谢对本次科考作为默默奉献的后方支撑人员。
基金
西藏自治区“十四五”时期清洁能源科技重大专项”(XZ202201ZD0003G)
作者简介

王继(1972-),男,高级工程师,主要从事地震活动性和危险性研究。

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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Ji, W., Xueping, S., Peixuan, L., Zhanwu, G., Zhicheng, L., et al. (2026). Rupture Characteristics and Lhatse County Building Damage Features of the Dingri 6.8 Magnitude Earthquake. Science Research, 14(4), 218-225. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261404.21

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    ACS Style

    Ji, W.; Xueping, S.; Peixuan, L.; Zhanwu, G.; Zhicheng, L., et al. Rupture Characteristics and Lhatse County Building Damage Features of the Dingri 6.8 Magnitude Earthquake. Sci. Res. 2026, 14(4), 218-225. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20261404.21

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    AMA Style

    Ji W, Xueping S, Peixuan L, Zhanwu G, Zhicheng L, et al. Rupture Characteristics and Lhatse County Building Damage Features of the Dingri 6.8 Magnitude Earthquake. Sci Res. 2026;14(4):218-225. doi: 10.11648/j.sr.20261404.21

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  • @article{10.11648/j.sr.20261404.21,
      author = {Wang Ji and Song Xueping and Liu Peixuan and Gao Zhanwu and Liu Zhicheng and Xu Wei and Cai Xiaoguang},
      title = {Rupture Characteristics and Lhatse County Building Damage Features of the Dingri 6.8 Magnitude Earthquake},
      journal = {Science Research},
      volume = {14},
      number = {4},
      pages = {218-225},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sr.20261404.21},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261404.21},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sr.20261404.21},
      abstract = {On January 7, 2025, a magnitude 6.8 earthquake occurred in Tingri County, Shigatse City, Tibet Autonomous Region. The Dengmo Cuo fault (one of the north-south rift fault systems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a main fault in the Shenzha-Dingjie fault zone, with a trace near NS, a westward inclination and a near vertical dip angle) formed a rupture zone with a vertical dislocation with a height of nearly 3m and a cumulative width of about 300m, which caused heavy casualties and property losses to the earthquake area. The observation of Dengmo Cuo fault shows that the fault fault differs greatly in different site conditions, which reflects the influence of site conditions on the fault fault. Houses and buildings in Quxia Town, Lazi County, which is 66km from the epicenter, also suffered serious damage, with the intensity reaching VII degree. This paper investigates the earthquake damage of hospitals, schools and houses in Quxia Town, Lazi County, and mainly analyzes the reasons for the earthquake damage of houses. It is concluded that the main reason is that Lazi County is located in the extension direction of Dengmo Cuo fault. The strong fault misalignment causes the area with earthquake intensity above VII to expand by more than 30% compared with the earthquake of the same magnitude. At the same time, the seismic liquefaction of the superimposed site and the insufficient seismic capacity of houses and buildings have caused the loss of this earthquake disaster to be more serious than that of the earthquake of the same magnitude. Lazi County is located in the northward extension direction of Dengmo Cuo fault, and it is located in the place where the Shenzha-Dingjie fault zone is distributed. It is likely that the dislocation of hidden faults has occurred, but it does not extend to the surface. This study can provide reference for urban planning and seismic fortification near active fault zones in Tibet.},
     year = {2026}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Rupture Characteristics and Lhatse County Building Damage Features of the Dingri 6.8 Magnitude Earthquake
    AU  - Wang Ji
    AU  - Song Xueping
    AU  - Liu Peixuan
    AU  - Gao Zhanwu
    AU  - Liu Zhicheng
    AU  - Xu Wei
    AU  - Cai Xiaoguang
    Y1  - 2026/08/13
    PY  - 2026
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261404.21
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sr.20261404.21
    T2  - Science Research
    JF  - Science Research
    JO  - Science Research
    SP  - 218
    EP  - 225
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2329-0927
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20261404.21
    AB  - On January 7, 2025, a magnitude 6.8 earthquake occurred in Tingri County, Shigatse City, Tibet Autonomous Region. The Dengmo Cuo fault (one of the north-south rift fault systems on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a main fault in the Shenzha-Dingjie fault zone, with a trace near NS, a westward inclination and a near vertical dip angle) formed a rupture zone with a vertical dislocation with a height of nearly 3m and a cumulative width of about 300m, which caused heavy casualties and property losses to the earthquake area. The observation of Dengmo Cuo fault shows that the fault fault differs greatly in different site conditions, which reflects the influence of site conditions on the fault fault. Houses and buildings in Quxia Town, Lazi County, which is 66km from the epicenter, also suffered serious damage, with the intensity reaching VII degree. This paper investigates the earthquake damage of hospitals, schools and houses in Quxia Town, Lazi County, and mainly analyzes the reasons for the earthquake damage of houses. It is concluded that the main reason is that Lazi County is located in the extension direction of Dengmo Cuo fault. The strong fault misalignment causes the area with earthquake intensity above VII to expand by more than 30% compared with the earthquake of the same magnitude. At the same time, the seismic liquefaction of the superimposed site and the insufficient seismic capacity of houses and buildings have caused the loss of this earthquake disaster to be more serious than that of the earthquake of the same magnitude. Lazi County is located in the northward extension direction of Dengmo Cuo fault, and it is located in the place where the Shenzha-Dingjie fault zone is distributed. It is likely that the dislocation of hidden faults has occurred, but it does not extend to the surface. This study can provide reference for urban planning and seismic fortification near active fault zones in Tibet.
    VL  - 14
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Seismic Zoning and Earthquake Resistance Precaution, China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing, China

  • Department of Seismic Zoning and Earthquake Resistance Precaution, China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing, China

  • Department of Seismic Zoning and Earthquake Resistance Precaution, China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing, China

  • Department of Seismic Zoning and Earthquake Resistance Precaution, China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing, China

  • Department of Seismic Zoning and Earthquake Resistance Precaution, China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing, China

  • Department of Seismic Zoning and Earthquake Resistance Precaution, China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing, China

  • Department of Seismic Zoning and Earthquake Resistance Precaution, China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing, China

  • Table 1

    表1 中国西部青藏区的烈度衰减关系模型。

  • Table 2

    表2 根据衰减关系计算烈度范围和实际调查烈度范围比较。