Research Article
Addressing Cases Backlog Through ADR by Mitigating Challenges and Steering Disputes Toward Alternate Resolution in Pakistan
Shahsawar Khan*
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
19-30
Received:
23 June 2025
Accepted:
14 July 2025
Published:
30 August 2025
Abstract: As the formal conventional system of adjudication has failed due to the continuous growth of complexity, Backlog, and high volume of cases have made traditional adjudication slow and less effective. This research aims to highlight the failure of formal court processes. It explores how Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) can help meet the needs of today’s legal challenges, like any organic entity to meet the litigation challenges of the modern era. The study uses the official judicial statistics of Pakistan. It compares Pakistan’s situation with other countries that face similar problems. It includes an in-depth review of expert opinion regarding Alternative Forums for conflict resolution. Over and above that to investigate the existing legislation, Act, Ordinance, Protocol, Statute, By-law, and precedent in Pakistan to provide a solid ground for the implementation of the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). The findings show that, currently, Pakistan has many laws about ADR. But its use is still limited. The biggest issue is the enforcement of ADR outcomes, especially arbitration awards. In conclusion will suggest that Pakistan must take clear steps to explore potential avenues for improvement by identifying “What” specific steps can be taken to enhance its implementation along with efficiency, potential, and predictability. These changes can reduce the burden on courts and make justice faster and more reliable.
Abstract: As the formal conventional system of adjudication has failed due to the continuous growth of complexity, Backlog, and high volume of cases have made traditional adjudication slow and less effective. This research aims to highlight the failure of formal court processes. It explores how Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) can help meet the needs of ...
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Review Article
Electromagnetic Thruster to Drive Vehicles
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2025
Pages:
31-35
Received:
16 February 2025
Accepted:
27 April 2025
Published:
2 September 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.cse.20250902.12
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Abstract: The electromagnetic thruster introduced in this article is a method of propulsion capable of land, on water, under water, sky, and outer space. The new system provides a better propulsion system that has hitherto not been possible. This is a method and device to generate thrust without spending propellant for propulsion, which has particular utility in the propulsion of space vehicles. It is powered by electricity. This Electromagnetic propulsion system constitutes, at least, an identical pair of reciprocating linear motors performing a back-and-forth cycle, each mounted on a rotary motor running on half-circle steps. The linear motors are mounted and secured at mid portions of their stator arms on said rotary motor armatures, lateral to axes of rotation of the associated rotary motor armature. The modules of linear motor and stepper motors are placed apart and secured to the vehicle in a mirror position to each other. When power is supplied, two linear motor armatures move in a cycle along associated stator arms and rotate with accompanying rotary motor armatures in opposite directions to each other in unison during each rotation of rotary motors, performing a cycle of back-and-forth action, propelling in the forward direction. Thus, the reciprocating linear motor pairs carrying rotary motors driven in opposed directions operate in identical specifications. The electrical power supply and connections to the controls of linear motors are carried over the housing of the rotary motor and connected to the terminals of the supply source.
Abstract: The electromagnetic thruster introduced in this article is a method of propulsion capable of land, on water, under water, sky, and outer space. The new system provides a better propulsion system that has hitherto not been possible. This is a method and device to generate thrust without spending propellant for propulsion, which has particular utilit...
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