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Transition to International Energy Economic Equivalent of Future Economy
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
86-90
Received:
22 August 2021
Accepted:
2 September 2021
Published:
8 September 2021
Abstract: Energy resources are key to the economy. Firstly, any processes in the production sector are associated with energy consumption. Energy costs permeate all areas of material production, are the most important and integral part of both core and working capital. Secondly, energy resources are currently scarce and define the limits of economic development. At present, the issues of improving energy efficiency from the sectors of the economy are given great attention. For the implementation of programs to increase economic efficiency, the development of theoretical provisions and methodological foundations of energy economic assessment of production is of great importance, There is a variation in the energy equivalents per waste of production resources offered by standards for different types of energy. Considering energy issues in economic systems, economic energy is not found in the relevant classifications, but experts consider the allocation of such a category in the theory of economic development to be timely, and this category fully meets all economic indicators. To do this, it is necessary to determine the energy equivalent for each energy source. The article assumes the calculation of energy equivalents expressed by rational numbers. The use of energy equivalents allows you to move to a single measure of energy for all types. A single measure of energy allows you to move to a single international currency for financial and economic international cooperation.
Abstract: Energy resources are key to the economy. Firstly, any processes in the production sector are associated with energy consumption. Energy costs permeate all areas of material production, are the most important and integral part of both core and working capital. Secondly, energy resources are currently scarce and define the limits of economic developm...
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An Integrated Indexical Assessment of Groundwater Quality of Sukkur City, Pakistan
Muhammad Haseeb Ansari,
Ghulam Shabir Solangi,
Nabi Bux Bhatti,
Palwasha Akram,
Sallah ud din Panhwar,
Faraz Ali Shah,
Shahzeb Ansari
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
91-97
Received:
29 April 2021
Accepted:
3 September 2021
Published:
14 September 2021
Abstract: Groundwater contamination issues are rising globally, including the Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan. Due to gravity of the problem and concerns of the people of Sukkur City, the present study was planned to assess the quality of groundwater of Sukkur City based on an integrated indexical approach, i.e., the water quality index (WQI) model. The WQI was calculated using analysis results of various physicochemical parameters of thirty (30) georeferenced groundwater samples randomly collected from the study area. Groundwater samples were analyzed for various physical and chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), total hardness (TH), chlorides, nitrates, nitrites, etc. The observed level of pH in the groundwater samples of the study area ranged in between 7.6 to 8.8. The chloride concentration ranged between 32 to 2280 mg/l. The calcium level ranged between 8 to 440 mg/l. The magnesium concentration observed between 32 to 1710 mg/l The total hardness level ranged between 40 to 2150 mg/l. The EC and TDS ranged between 0.28 to 8.13 dS/m, and between 180 to 5200 mg/l respectively. The estimations of the WQI model showed that 2% of the water samples were excellent, 52% good, 22% poor, and 24% unsuitable for drinking purpose. Overall water quality analysis indicated that some of the areas of the Sukkur city have poor quality groundwater, thus it should be treated before its use for domestic purposes.
Abstract: Groundwater contamination issues are rising globally, including the Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan. Due to gravity of the problem and concerns of the people of Sukkur City, the present study was planned to assess the quality of groundwater of Sukkur City based on an integrated indexical approach, i.e., the water quality index (WQI) model. The WQI was calc...
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The Relation of Investment Incentives and Inflow of FDI: Case of Developing Countries and Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
98-103
Received:
27 January 2020
Accepted:
15 July 2021
Published:
15 September 2021
Abstract: For economic, Social, or foreign direct investment promotion reasons, tax exemptions or incentives are common under tax laws of legal system of different nations. Under Ethiopian stamp duty laws, some areas of foreign investments are exempted from the liability of payment of same; documents that are exempted in accordance with international agreements and conventional treaties approved by Ethiopian government. The objective of this study article is to show the relationship between incentives and foreign direct investment inflows in developing countries and the Ethiopian context. The thesis employs research methodology that follows conceptual and legal analyses and interpretation in a comparative manner. The meaning and nature of investment incentives under Ethiopian investment laws and other jurisdiction, determinant factors driving and influencing the inflows of FDI under developing counties and Ethiopia are discussed. The dominant model of low income countries/developing countries investment incentive i.e. tax exemption and tax holiday’s contribution and effectiveness in the attracting of FDI, and various economics researchers findings on the relationship between income tax incentives and FDI inflows are critically analyzed with the various laws and Ethiopian investment laws. Finally from the findings of different data we can conclude that weak investment climate cannot back up by providing tax incentives to attract FDI in developing countries and Ethiopia. The findings of the study revealed that tax incentive packages that are employed to attract FDI in developing countries are not in a position to accommodate and fulfill the comprehensive driving factors of the FDI and the interest of investors and host states.
Abstract: For economic, Social, or foreign direct investment promotion reasons, tax exemptions or incentives are common under tax laws of legal system of different nations. Under Ethiopian stamp duty laws, some areas of foreign investments are exempted from the liability of payment of same; documents that are exempted in accordance with international agreeme...
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Greenhouse Gas Emission Fluxes from Hummocky and Hollow in the Peat Bog of Arak Lake Basin in 2020
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
104-109
Received:
29 August 2021
Accepted:
11 September 2021
Published:
23 September 2021
Abstract: The peat bogs on the Tibetan Plateau are an important source of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in Chinese atmosphere. In order to study the effects of different micro-topography of peat bogs on CO2 and CH4 emission fluxes, the static box-meteorological chromatography method was used to determine the CO2 and CH4 emission fluxes of hummocky and hollow in the peat bogs in Arak Lake Basin from May to September in 2020. Our results showed that the peaks of CO2 and CH4 emission fluxes from hummocky and hollow all appeared in July, and the lowest values all appeared in May. The maximum CO2 emission fluxes of hummocky and hollow are 440.44 mg•m-2•h-1 and 198.20 mg•m-2•h-1, respectively, and the maximum CH4 emission fluxes are 2.62 mg•m-2•h-1 and 3.21 mg•m-2•h-1, respectively. The average CO2 emission flux during the growing season of hummocky (368.79±54.70 mg•m-2•h-1) was significantly higher than that of hollow (165.96±20.19 mg•m-2•h-1) (n=5, p=0.001), while the average CH4 emission flux of hummocky (1.78±0.27 mg•m-2•h-1) is significantly lower than that of hollow (2.24±0.27 mg•m-2•h-1) (n=5, p=0.007). The CO2 emission flux of hummocky and hollow during the growing season is mainly affected by the 5 cm soil temperature, and the CH4 emission flux is mainly affected by the 5~20 cm soil temperature.
Abstract: The peat bogs on the Tibetan Plateau are an important source of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in Chinese atmosphere. In order to study the effects of different micro-topography of peat bogs on CO2 and CH4 emission fluxes, the static box-meteorological chromatography method was used to determine the CO2 and CH4 emission fluxes of hummocky a...
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Numerical Evaluation of the Coal Metamorphism Thermodynamics Equation (CMTE)
Ma Qinghua,
Zhang Xuemei,
Li Dong,
Hao Jingyuan
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
110-113
Received:
3 September 2021
Accepted:
15 October 2021
Published:
19 October 2021
Abstract: In order to quantitatively study the metamorphism of coal, by calculating the changes of reflectivity with time and temperature and the changes of temperature with time and reflectivity, the results show that the temperature time reflectivity ternary coal metamorphism thermodynamic equation (Cmte) proposed by Mr. Wu Chonglong is feasible. Although it is only an empirical formula, the mathematical formula is more convenient and accurate than the diagram, The critical temperature of lignite is 49.3°C and that of long flame coal is 56.9°C. The empirical formula of temperature time reflectance is demonstrated to explain the metamorphism of coal. By compiling temperature reflection (time) maps of middle coal formation in Carboniferous, Jurassic and Cretaceous, this paper explains the concept of "the longer the thermal time, the higher the degree of metamorphism" with isothermal horizontal line or equal reflection vertical line. The temperature and effective metamorphic time in the literature of Nantong coalfield in Sichuan further prove the accuracy and practicability of Cmte. The mathematical formula of temperature time reflectance can not only know the cross verification temperature of time and reflectance, but also know the time with a difference of less than 1.4% from the original effective metamorphic time. It is proved that the empirical formula of temperature time reflectance can explain the metamorphism of coal.
Abstract: In order to quantitatively study the metamorphism of coal, by calculating the changes of reflectivity with time and temperature and the changes of temperature with time and reflectivity, the results show that the temperature time reflectivity ternary coal metamorphism thermodynamic equation (Cmte) proposed by Mr. Wu Chonglong is feasible. Although ...
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Inter-influence of Temperature-time-reflectivity in the Coal Metamorphism Thermodynamics Equation (CMTE)
Zhang Xuemei,
Ma Qinghua,
Li Dong,
Hao Jingyuan
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
114-117
Received:
3 September 2021
Accepted:
15 October 2021
Published:
19 October 2021
Abstract: The influence and control of time and temperature on coalification are comprehensive. In order to quantitatively analyze the thermal kinetics of coal metamorphosis process by temperature and time, the qualitative analysis of coal metamorphosis thermodynamic equation (CMTE) based on Wu Chonglong was further verified from the mathematical point of view. Wu Chong Long's Coal Metamorphism Thermodynamics Equation (CMTE) is a ternary equation containing coal forming period or metamorphic age (time), metamorphic temperature (temperature) and metamorphic degree (reflectivity). The temperature calculated by fixing time and reflectivity is the lowest theoretical metamorphic temperature. The reflectivity calculated by fixing time and temperature is the maximum theoretical metamorphic degree. The “time-temperature ratio” is defined as the equivalent of extending million years to increasing 1°C temperature regarding coal metamorphism. This ratio is used to compare the impact of extending time or increasing temperature on improving the metamorphic degree and its significance. The results showed that in the same coal forming period, the ratio is decreased with the reflectivity increasing; at the same reflectivity, the ratio decreased with younger coal forming period. At Ro=6.1%, the calculated ratio is 3.67, which means, at Ro=6.1%, increasing 1°C is equaled extending 3.67 million.
Abstract: The influence and control of time and temperature on coalification are comprehensive. In order to quantitatively analyze the thermal kinetics of coal metamorphosis process by temperature and time, the qualitative analysis of coal metamorphosis thermodynamic equation (CMTE) based on Wu Chonglong was further verified from the mathematical point of vi...
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Measurement Error Analysis of Volumetric Gas Meter Without Temperature Compensation
Yin Xiao,
Tian Guansan,
Zhang Wenhao
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
118-123
Received:
10 September 2021
Accepted:
8 October 2021
Published:
19 October 2021
Abstract: There is a certain production and sales difference in the urban gas transmission and distribution system, which is composed of many factors. Part of the reason is that the gas meter takes the volume under standard conditions as the measurement unit, but the gas temperature and pressure in the meter change with the environment of the gas supply pipelines, resulting in the measurement error of the domestic gas meter without temperature and pressure compensation. By analyzing the change of annual gas temperature and local atmospheric pressure when outdoor courtyard pipelines are overhead and buried in a city, the influence of temperature and pressure change on gas volume is discussed by using gas state equation, the production and sales difference caused by metering error is calculated, and the corresponding correction coefficient is put forward, which is of certain significance to reduce the production and sales difference. It is concluded that when temperature of the gas is lower than 20°C, the measurement error of the gas meter is negative, which has caused the loss of the gas company. For domestic gas meters without temperature compensation, the product of measured gas consumption and temperature correction coefficient can be taken as the actual gas consumption to correct the measurement error of gas meters.
Abstract: There is a certain production and sales difference in the urban gas transmission and distribution system, which is composed of many factors. Part of the reason is that the gas meter takes the volume under standard conditions as the measurement unit, but the gas temperature and pressure in the meter change with the environment of the gas supply pipe...
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Adoption of Piped Water Source in an Arsenic Affected Area
Sanjana Chakraborty,
Vivekananda Mukherjee
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 5, October 2021
Pages:
124-133
Received:
24 September 2021
Accepted:
22 October 2021
Published:
29 October 2021
Abstract: The paper studies adoption of piped water source as mitigation strategy against arsenic contamination in an arsenic affected village of West Bengal, India. It finds that the households affected by arsenicosis are more likely to adopt an arsenic-safe source than the unaffected households. The paper also analyses the role of factors like the extensiveness of arsenicosis, intensity of symptoms and the years of experience about the health and social hazards associated with it at the household level on the adoption decision of the households. It finds that although the marginal impact of these factors on the adoption decision is small, the effect of years of suffering is stronger than the other two factors. The results derived in the paper have important policy implications. The results suggest that greater adoption of piped water sources in arsenic affected villages can be facilitated if the awareness is spread through the households, who suffered from arsenicosis for a long time. The piped water sources must be located more evenly in the clustered villages for greater adoption. A more continuous supply of piped water may remove the observed high-income bias from adoption of piped water in arsenic affected villages, where it is freely provided.
Abstract: The paper studies adoption of piped water source as mitigation strategy against arsenic contamination in an arsenic affected village of West Bengal, India. It finds that the households affected by arsenicosis are more likely to adopt an arsenic-safe source than the unaffected households. The paper also analyses the role of factors like the extensiv...
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