Interdisciplinary Approach to Safety-Ergonomic Parameters of Tractors During Agro-technical Operations

Petrovic Predrag; Spajic Branko; Stjelja Zivko

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14

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Interdisciplinary Approach to Safety-Ergonomic Parameters of Tractors During Agro-technical Operations

Petrovic Predrag^*, Spajic Branko, Stjelja Zivko

Published in International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications (Volume 14, Issue 5)

Received: 14 September 2026 Accepted: 27 September 2026 Published: 23 October 2026

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Abstract

In Serbia, there is a large number of tractors in operation with a considerable age structure, without a cab or a protective frame. These facts contribute to a significant increase in the number of accidents with injured and fatal persons during exploitation and transport, primarily due to the lack of evident subjective: safety, ergonomic, comfort, and other parameters. Tractors, due to their construction and traction characteristics (high geometric and mass center of gravity, large dynamic wheel radii, large clearance, high engine power, large transmission load variations, agro-technical operations on variable configurations, with falls and ascents, etc.), are very unstable working machines despite relatively low movement speeds. In order to influence the reduction of the number of accidents, ergonomics investigates the "man-machine-environment" relationship, which studies anatomical, physiological, medical, social, legal and other areas that contribute to the reduction of accidents and occupational diseases, while increasing efficiency, reliability, safety, etc. Special attention should be paid to the balance of forces within the analysis of the required static and dynamic stability of the tractor when moving up and down the sloping surface of the working terrain, especially tractors without a cab or a protective frame. In addition to the general state of tractor safety, this paper presents a draft of a short analysis of tractor exploitation when performing work operations on ups and downs in agro-technical and transport conditions, as one of the main reasons for accidents with injured and fatal persons. Also, the basic ergonomic-ecological parameters that are necessary to achieve the necessary, safety, ecological, medical, social, legal and other parameters are presented.

Published in	International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications (Volume 14, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14
Page(s)	127-131
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Safety, Ergonomics, Stability, Ecology, Tractor, Comfort

References

[1]	Petrovic P, Obradovic D., (2017), "Informative overview of the application of mechatronic systems in modern agricultural tractors", Magazine "Agricultural technology", No. 3, Faculty of Agriculture- Institute of Agricultural Technology, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia, p. 1-9.
[2]	Petrovic P., Stjelja Z., Popovic P., Spajic B.: (2023), "Safety of tractor operators during exploitation on ups and downs", Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, Serbia, Magazine "Tractors and power machines", No. 3/4, p. 81-87.
[3]	Josevski Z., Stefanovski P., Koneska Verce: (2025) „Possibilities of applying artificial intelligence to create models for improving traffic safety”, “St. Kliment Ohridski, University, Macedonia, Technical Faculty of Bitola, p. 28-38.
[4]	Ruzic D., Casnji F.: (2011), "Agricultural tractor cab characteristics relevant for microclimatic conditions", Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, No: 9, Scientific Journal "Research and Examination in the Economy, Serbia, p. 323-330.
[5]	Cvetanovic B.: (2024), "Optimizing the oscillatory comfort of the tractor seat in the function of vibration reduction", Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Occupational Safety of Niš, No. 3/4, Serbia, Belgrade, p. 80-88.
[6]	Stjelja Z, Petrovic P., Stjelja I: (2024),"Safety, technical and legal aspect of installation of cabins and frames on used tractors", Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, Serbia, Magazine "Tractors and power machines", No. 3/4, p. 88-94.
[7]	Petrović P.: (2024), "A general approach to solving the problem of tractor noise", Magazine, No. 4, "Tractor and drive machines”, Faculty of Agriculture, Novi Sad, Serbia, p. 34-40.
[8]	Petrović P., Bracanović Z., Vukas S. (2023), "Oscillatory phenomena in agricultural tractors", Journal Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, No. 2, Institute for Mechanization in Agriculture, Serbia, p. 15-23.
[9]	Round table: (2024), "Education for safe work in agriculture", Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts" - Academic Committee for the Village, Belgrade.

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APA Style

Predrag, P., Branko, S., Zivko, S. (2026). Interdisciplinary Approach to Safety-Ergonomic Parameters of Tractors During Agro-technical Operations. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications, 14(5), 127-131. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14

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ACS Style

Predrag, P.; Branko, S.; Zivko, S. Interdisciplinary Approach to Safety-Ergonomic Parameters of Tractors During Agro-technical Operations. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Appl. 2026, 14(5), 127-131. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14

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AMA Style

Predrag P, Branko S, Zivko S. Interdisciplinary Approach to Safety-Ergonomic Parameters of Tractors During Agro-technical Operations. Int J Mech Eng Appl. 2026;14(5):127-131. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14,
  author = {Petrovic Predrag and Spajic Branko and Stjelja Zivko},
  title = {Interdisciplinary Approach to Safety-Ergonomic Parameters of Tractors During Agro-technical Operations},
  journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications},
  volume = {14},
  number = {5},
  pages = {127-131},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmea.20261405.14},
  abstract = {In Serbia, there is a large number of tractors in operation with a considerable age structure, without a cab or a protective frame. These facts contribute to a significant increase in the number of accidents with injured and fatal persons during exploitation and transport, primarily due to the lack of evident subjective: safety, ergonomic, comfort, and other parameters. Tractors, due to their construction and traction characteristics (high geometric and mass center of gravity, large dynamic wheel radii, large clearance, high engine power, large transmission load variations, agro-technical operations on variable configurations, with falls and ascents, etc.), are very unstable working machines despite relatively low movement speeds. In order to influence the reduction of the number of accidents, ergonomics investigates the "man-machine-environment" relationship, which studies anatomical, physiological, medical, social, legal and other areas that contribute to the reduction of accidents and occupational diseases, while increasing efficiency, reliability, safety, etc. Special attention should be paid to the balance of forces within the analysis of the required static and dynamic stability of the tractor when moving up and down the sloping surface of the working terrain, especially tractors without a cab or a protective frame. In addition to the general state of tractor safety, this paper presents a draft of a short analysis of tractor exploitation when performing work operations on ups and downs in agro-technical and transport conditions, as one of the main reasons for accidents with injured and fatal persons. Also, the basic ergonomic-ecological parameters that are necessary to achieve the necessary, safety, ecological, medical, social, legal and other parameters are presented.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Interdisciplinary Approach to Safety-Ergonomic Parameters of Tractors During Agro-technical Operations
AU  - Petrovic Predrag
AU  - Spajic Branko
AU  - Stjelja Zivko
Y1  - 2026/10/23
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14
T2  - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
SP  - 127
EP  - 131
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-0248
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14
AB  - In Serbia, there is a large number of tractors in operation with a considerable age structure, without a cab or a protective frame. These facts contribute to a significant increase in the number of accidents with injured and fatal persons during exploitation and transport, primarily due to the lack of evident subjective: safety, ergonomic, comfort, and other parameters. Tractors, due to their construction and traction characteristics (high geometric and mass center of gravity, large dynamic wheel radii, large clearance, high engine power, large transmission load variations, agro-technical operations on variable configurations, with falls and ascents, etc.), are very unstable working machines despite relatively low movement speeds. In order to influence the reduction of the number of accidents, ergonomics investigates the "man-machine-environment" relationship, which studies anatomical, physiological, medical, social, legal and other areas that contribute to the reduction of accidents and occupational diseases, while increasing efficiency, reliability, safety, etc. Special attention should be paid to the balance of forces within the analysis of the required static and dynamic stability of the tractor when moving up and down the sloping surface of the working terrain, especially tractors without a cab or a protective frame. In addition to the general state of tractor safety, this paper presents a draft of a short analysis of tractor exploitation when performing work operations on ups and downs in agro-technical and transport conditions, as one of the main reasons for accidents with injured and fatal persons. Also, the basic ergonomic-ecological parameters that are necessary to achieve the necessary, safety, ecological, medical, social, legal and other parameters are presented.
VL  - 14
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Petrovic Predrag

Institute of Motor Vehicles, Belgrade, Serbia

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Spajic Branko

Institute of Motor Vehicles, Belgrade, Serbia

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Stjelja Zivko

Institute of Motor Vehicles, Belgrade, Serbia

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APA Style

Predrag, P., Branko, S., Zivko, S. (2026). Interdisciplinary Approach to Safety-Ergonomic Parameters of Tractors During Agro-technical Operations. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications, 14(5), 127-131. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14

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ACS Style

Predrag, P.; Branko, S.; Zivko, S. Interdisciplinary Approach to Safety-Ergonomic Parameters of Tractors During Agro-technical Operations. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Appl. 2026, 14(5), 127-131. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14

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AMA Style

Predrag P, Branko S, Zivko S. Interdisciplinary Approach to Safety-Ergonomic Parameters of Tractors During Agro-technical Operations. Int J Mech Eng Appl. 2026;14(5):127-131. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14,
  author = {Petrovic Predrag and Spajic Branko and Stjelja Zivko},
  title = {Interdisciplinary Approach to Safety-Ergonomic Parameters of Tractors During Agro-technical Operations},
  journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications},
  volume = {14},
  number = {5},
  pages = {127-131},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmea.20261405.14},
  abstract = {In Serbia, there is a large number of tractors in operation with a considerable age structure, without a cab or a protective frame. These facts contribute to a significant increase in the number of accidents with injured and fatal persons during exploitation and transport, primarily due to the lack of evident subjective: safety, ergonomic, comfort, and other parameters. Tractors, due to their construction and traction characteristics (high geometric and mass center of gravity, large dynamic wheel radii, large clearance, high engine power, large transmission load variations, agro-technical operations on variable configurations, with falls and ascents, etc.), are very unstable working machines despite relatively low movement speeds. In order to influence the reduction of the number of accidents, ergonomics investigates the "man-machine-environment" relationship, which studies anatomical, physiological, medical, social, legal and other areas that contribute to the reduction of accidents and occupational diseases, while increasing efficiency, reliability, safety, etc. Special attention should be paid to the balance of forces within the analysis of the required static and dynamic stability of the tractor when moving up and down the sloping surface of the working terrain, especially tractors without a cab or a protective frame. In addition to the general state of tractor safety, this paper presents a draft of a short analysis of tractor exploitation when performing work operations on ups and downs in agro-technical and transport conditions, as one of the main reasons for accidents with injured and fatal persons. Also, the basic ergonomic-ecological parameters that are necessary to achieve the necessary, safety, ecological, medical, social, legal and other parameters are presented.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Interdisciplinary Approach to Safety-Ergonomic Parameters of Tractors During Agro-technical Operations
AU  - Petrovic Predrag
AU  - Spajic Branko
AU  - Stjelja Zivko
Y1  - 2026/10/23
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14
T2  - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
JF  - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
JO  - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
SP  - 127
EP  - 131
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-0248
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20261405.14
AB  - In Serbia, there is a large number of tractors in operation with a considerable age structure, without a cab or a protective frame. These facts contribute to a significant increase in the number of accidents with injured and fatal persons during exploitation and transport, primarily due to the lack of evident subjective: safety, ergonomic, comfort, and other parameters. Tractors, due to their construction and traction characteristics (high geometric and mass center of gravity, large dynamic wheel radii, large clearance, high engine power, large transmission load variations, agro-technical operations on variable configurations, with falls and ascents, etc.), are very unstable working machines despite relatively low movement speeds. In order to influence the reduction of the number of accidents, ergonomics investigates the "man-machine-environment" relationship, which studies anatomical, physiological, medical, social, legal and other areas that contribute to the reduction of accidents and occupational diseases, while increasing efficiency, reliability, safety, etc. Special attention should be paid to the balance of forces within the analysis of the required static and dynamic stability of the tractor when moving up and down the sloping surface of the working terrain, especially tractors without a cab or a protective frame. In addition to the general state of tractor safety, this paper presents a draft of a short analysis of tractor exploitation when performing work operations on ups and downs in agro-technical and transport conditions, as one of the main reasons for accidents with injured and fatal persons. Also, the basic ergonomic-ecological parameters that are necessary to achieve the necessary, safety, ecological, medical, social, legal and other parameters are presented.
VL  - 14
IS  - 5
ER  -

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