Development and Validation of Chinese Assessment Scale for Zoster-Associated Pain , International Journal of Pain Research, Science Publishing Group

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Development and Validation of Chinese Assessment Scale for Zoster-Associated Pain

Wang Yuxuan

, Zhao Jinfeng

, Sun Tao^*

Published in International Journal of Pain Research (Volume 1, Issue 4)

Received: 10 September 2025 Accepted: 23 September 2025 Published: 29 October 2025

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Abstract

Objective: To develop and validate a Chinese assessment scale for patients with zoster-associated pain (ZAP) that is tailored to China's national conditions. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted to formulate the preliminary scale items based on the common clinical features of ZAP, incorporating consensus from domestic herpes zoster experts, clinical guidelines, and international scale development procedures. The pre-scale was refined through review by pain specialists and pre-testing. From March 20 to November 21, 2024, a clinical investigation involving 145 ZAP patients from the Pain Department of Shandong Provincial Hospital was carried out. The pre-scale questionnaire was administered and item analysis—including the critical ratio method, correlation coefficients, and discrete trend analysis—was performed to screen items and form a preliminary version. Reliability and validity were further assessed. Results: The scale demonstrated strong validity and reliability, with a standardized Cronbach’s α of 0.857 (>0.7), a KMO value of 0.781 (>0.6), and a Bartlett’s sphericity test result of χ² = 914.521 (p < 0.001). Exploratory factor analysis extracted five common factors with a cumulative variance contribution of 70.169% (>50%) and factor loadings between 0.529 and 0.920. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit: χ²/df = 1.902, RMSEA = 0.079 (<0.08), CFI = 0.915 (>0.90), and IFI = 0.917 (>0.90). The final ZAP assessment scale comprises three sections: 15 non-quantitative items, 17 quantitative items across 5 dimensions, and 3 additional quantitative items specific to acute-phase patients. Conclusion: The developed Chinese assessment scale for ZAP exhibits good reliability, validity, and applicability, making it a suitable tool for clinical use in China.

Published in	International Journal of Pain Research (Volume 1, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15
Page(s)	132-149
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Pain Measurement, Questionnaires, Herpes Zoster, Zoster-associated Pain, Scale, Chinese Version, Reliability and Validity

References

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APA Style

Yuxuan, W., Jinfeng, Z., Tao, S. (2025). Development and Validation of Chinese Assessment Scale for Zoster-Associated Pain. International Journal of Pain Research, 1(4), 132-149. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15

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ACS Style

Yuxuan, W.; Jinfeng, Z.; Tao, S. Development and Validation of Chinese Assessment Scale for Zoster-Associated Pain. . 2025, 1(4), 132-149. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15

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AMA Style

Yuxuan W, Jinfeng Z, Tao S. Development and Validation of Chinese Assessment Scale for Zoster-Associated Pain. . 2025;1(4):132-149. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15,
  author = {Wang Yuxuan and Zhao Jinfeng and Sun Tao},
  title = {Development and Validation of Chinese Assessment Scale for Zoster-Associated Pain
},
  journal = {International Journal of Pain Research},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {132-149},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijpr.20250104.15},
  abstract = {Objective: To develop and validate a Chinese assessment scale for patients with zoster-associated pain (ZAP) that is tailored to China's national conditions. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted to formulate the preliminary scale items based on the common clinical features of ZAP, incorporating consensus from domestic herpes zoster experts, clinical guidelines, and international scale development procedures. The pre-scale was refined through review by pain specialists and pre-testing. From March 20 to November 21, 2024, a clinical investigation involving 145 ZAP patients from the Pain Department of Shandong Provincial Hospital was carried out. The pre-scale questionnaire was administered and item analysis—including the critical ratio method, correlation coefficients, and discrete trend analysis—was performed to screen items and form a preliminary version. Reliability and validity were further assessed. Results: The scale demonstrated strong validity and reliability, with a standardized Cronbach’s α of 0.857 (>0.7), a KMO value of 0.781 (>0.6), and a Bartlett’s sphericity test result of χ2 = 914.521 (p 50%) and factor loadings between 0.529 and 0.920. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit: χ2/df = 1.902, RMSEA = 0.079 (0.90), and IFI = 0.917 (>0.90). The final ZAP assessment scale comprises three sections: 15 non-quantitative items, 17 quantitative items across 5 dimensions, and 3 additional quantitative items specific to acute-phase patients. Conclusion: The developed Chinese assessment scale for ZAP exhibits good reliability, validity, and applicability, making it a suitable tool for clinical use in China.
},
 year = {2025}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Development and Validation of Chinese Assessment Scale for Zoster-Associated Pain

AU  - Wang Yuxuan
AU  - Zhao Jinfeng
AU  - Sun Tao
Y1  - 2025/10/29
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15
T2  - International Journal of Pain Research
JF  - International Journal of Pain Research
JO  - International Journal of Pain Research
SP  - 132
EP  - 149
PB  - Science Publishing Group
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15
AB  - Objective: To develop and validate a Chinese assessment scale for patients with zoster-associated pain (ZAP) that is tailored to China's national conditions. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted to formulate the preliminary scale items based on the common clinical features of ZAP, incorporating consensus from domestic herpes zoster experts, clinical guidelines, and international scale development procedures. The pre-scale was refined through review by pain specialists and pre-testing. From March 20 to November 21, 2024, a clinical investigation involving 145 ZAP patients from the Pain Department of Shandong Provincial Hospital was carried out. The pre-scale questionnaire was administered and item analysis—including the critical ratio method, correlation coefficients, and discrete trend analysis—was performed to screen items and form a preliminary version. Reliability and validity were further assessed. Results: The scale demonstrated strong validity and reliability, with a standardized Cronbach’s α of 0.857 (>0.7), a KMO value of 0.781 (>0.6), and a Bartlett’s sphericity test result of χ2 = 914.521 (p 50%) and factor loadings between 0.529 and 0.920. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit: χ2/df = 1.902, RMSEA = 0.079 (0.90), and IFI = 0.917 (>0.90). The final ZAP assessment scale comprises three sections: 15 non-quantitative items, 17 quantitative items across 5 dimensions, and 3 additional quantitative items specific to acute-phase patients. Conclusion: The developed Chinese assessment scale for ZAP exhibits good reliability, validity, and applicability, making it a suitable tool for clinical use in China.

VL  - 1
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Wang Yuxuan

Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan City, China; Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan City, China

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0001-6125-0981
Zhao Jinfeng

Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan City, China; Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan City, China

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0009-6630-940X
Sun Tao

Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan City, China; Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan City, China

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0880-6394

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APA Style

Yuxuan, W., Jinfeng, Z., Tao, S. (2025). Development and Validation of Chinese Assessment Scale for Zoster-Associated Pain. International Journal of Pain Research, 1(4), 132-149. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15

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ACS Style

Yuxuan, W.; Jinfeng, Z.; Tao, S. Development and Validation of Chinese Assessment Scale for Zoster-Associated Pain. . 2025, 1(4), 132-149. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15

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AMA Style

Yuxuan W, Jinfeng Z, Tao S. Development and Validation of Chinese Assessment Scale for Zoster-Associated Pain. . 2025;1(4):132-149. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15,
  author = {Wang Yuxuan and Zhao Jinfeng and Sun Tao},
  title = {Development and Validation of Chinese Assessment Scale for Zoster-Associated Pain
},
  journal = {International Journal of Pain Research},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {132-149},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijpr.20250104.15},
  abstract = {Objective: To develop and validate a Chinese assessment scale for patients with zoster-associated pain (ZAP) that is tailored to China's national conditions. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted to formulate the preliminary scale items based on the common clinical features of ZAP, incorporating consensus from domestic herpes zoster experts, clinical guidelines, and international scale development procedures. The pre-scale was refined through review by pain specialists and pre-testing. From March 20 to November 21, 2024, a clinical investigation involving 145 ZAP patients from the Pain Department of Shandong Provincial Hospital was carried out. The pre-scale questionnaire was administered and item analysis—including the critical ratio method, correlation coefficients, and discrete trend analysis—was performed to screen items and form a preliminary version. Reliability and validity were further assessed. Results: The scale demonstrated strong validity and reliability, with a standardized Cronbach’s α of 0.857 (>0.7), a KMO value of 0.781 (>0.6), and a Bartlett’s sphericity test result of χ2 = 914.521 (p 50%) and factor loadings between 0.529 and 0.920. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit: χ2/df = 1.902, RMSEA = 0.079 (0.90), and IFI = 0.917 (>0.90). The final ZAP assessment scale comprises three sections: 15 non-quantitative items, 17 quantitative items across 5 dimensions, and 3 additional quantitative items specific to acute-phase patients. Conclusion: The developed Chinese assessment scale for ZAP exhibits good reliability, validity, and applicability, making it a suitable tool for clinical use in China.
},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Development and Validation of Chinese Assessment Scale for Zoster-Associated Pain

AU  - Wang Yuxuan
AU  - Zhao Jinfeng
AU  - Sun Tao
Y1  - 2025/10/29
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15
T2  - International Journal of Pain Research
JF  - International Journal of Pain Research
JO  - International Journal of Pain Research
SP  - 132
EP  - 149
PB  - Science Publishing Group
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpr.20250104.15
AB  - Objective: To develop and validate a Chinese assessment scale for patients with zoster-associated pain (ZAP) that is tailored to China's national conditions. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted to formulate the preliminary scale items based on the common clinical features of ZAP, incorporating consensus from domestic herpes zoster experts, clinical guidelines, and international scale development procedures. The pre-scale was refined through review by pain specialists and pre-testing. From March 20 to November 21, 2024, a clinical investigation involving 145 ZAP patients from the Pain Department of Shandong Provincial Hospital was carried out. The pre-scale questionnaire was administered and item analysis—including the critical ratio method, correlation coefficients, and discrete trend analysis—was performed to screen items and form a preliminary version. Reliability and validity were further assessed. Results: The scale demonstrated strong validity and reliability, with a standardized Cronbach’s α of 0.857 (>0.7), a KMO value of 0.781 (>0.6), and a Bartlett’s sphericity test result of χ2 = 914.521 (p 50%) and factor loadings between 0.529 and 0.920. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit: χ2/df = 1.902, RMSEA = 0.079 (0.90), and IFI = 0.917 (>0.90). The final ZAP assessment scale comprises three sections: 15 non-quantitative items, 17 quantitative items across 5 dimensions, and 3 additional quantitative items specific to acute-phase patients. Conclusion: The developed Chinese assessment scale for ZAP exhibits good reliability, validity, and applicability, making it a suitable tool for clinical use in China.

VL  - 1
IS  - 4
ER  -

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