Browse

Journals By Subject

Life Sciences, Agriculture & Food
Chemistry
Medicine & Health
Materials Science
Mathematics & Physics
Electrical & Computer Science
Earth, Energy & Environment
Architecture & Civil Engineering
Education
Economics & Management
Humanities & Social Sciences
Multidisciplinary

Books

Publish Conference Abstract Books
Upcoming Conference Abstract Books
Published Conference Abstract Books
Publish Your Books
Upcoming Books
Published Books

Proceedings

Events

Events
Five Types of Conference Publications

Join

Join as Editorial Board Member
Become a Reviewer

Information

For Authors
For Reviewers
For Editors
For Conference Organizers
For Librarians
Article Processing Charges
Special Issue Guidelines
Editorial Process
Manuscript Transfers
Peer Review at SciencePG
Open Access
Copyright and License
Ethical Guidelines
Submit an Article
Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

An Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometric Approach to Establish a Method for Determining the Presence of Fluorescein Sodium Dye

Amit Anand*
Published in Modern Chemistry (Volume 14, Issue 2)
Received: 15 April 2026     Accepted: 25 April 2026     Published: 14 May 2026
Views:       Downloads:
Download PDF
Abstract

This research look over the application of adsorbent as bentonite. Bentonite, aluminum phyllosilicate clay made up of montmorillonite. Montmorillonite known for enormous water absorption and high surface area. Dyeing industries are crucial ecological hazards donating upto twenty percent of industrial water pollution. These industries discharge toxic sewer water containing heavy metals, mutagenic substances, carcinogenic amines, and non-biodegradable chemicals, affects human health and aquatic ecosystems. The contamination of water with toxic dyes poses serious threats to surrounding. Therefore it is mandatory to overcome the environmental challenges with reliable and ability of component and environmental impact. Bentonite having capability to detoxified the harmful substances. It has the dormant for sorption the pesticide endrin possibly due to a combination of hydrophobic and charge-dipole. This study examined the potential of bentonite as adsorbent techniques for treating fluorescein sodium dyes from aqueous solutions. Experiment is done on the particular concentration of 200 ppm and at fixed pH of 2, 4 6, 8 and 10. Results recorded by the systronics spectrophotometer for absorbance Vs wavelength at pH 2 and 10 for fixed interval of time, Absorbance Vs Time, and decolorisation of dye. The performance of bentonite regarding color removal was optimum when the initial pH was 10 for 15 minutes and under ideal circumstances, decolorisation was shown to be 99.97% at alkaline pH. At pH 2 and 4 constant absorbance is achieved by 99.99% for a time intervals of 15 minutes. At an acidic pH the absorbance gradually decreased with respect to time. The spectrophotometric data at a wavelength of 490 nm is 2.683 at pH 10, shows the absorbance of toxic substances. As the wavelength is gradually increased the absorbance is also increased. The response of adsorbent as bentonite for the removal of fluorescein dyes from aqueous solution as well as for healthy environment is excellent and verified.

Published in Modern Chemistry (Volume 14, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.mc.20261402.12
Page(s) 58-70
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group
Previous article
Keywords

Fluorescein Sodium, Bentonite, Adsorbent, Decolorisation, Absorbance, Dye

1. Introduction
Without a doubt, the treatment of water, which is one of our most essential necessities, is critical
[1]
. The chemicals found in effluent from industrial activity have a harmful impact on living organisms. Untreated textile effluents are discharged in the drain which deteriorate the water bodies
[2-5]
. Dyes such as MB, RhB, CR, OPD, PPD, Fluorescein Sodium, Disperse Violet 26, MR, and CV are the important sources of industrial pollutants originates from various industries such as the textile, cosmetic, leather, food, pharmaceutical, paint and varnish, and pulp and paper industries and used as colorants
[6-9]
. The textile industry, as a traditional manufacturing sector, is one of the industries with high labor intensity, large water consumption, and serious pollution. China is the largest exporter of textiles of all kinds, followed by the India, European Union and the USA. World's largest exporter of textiles, China's annual water consumption and wastewater discharge are staggered
[10-13]
. The American Dye Manufactures Institute stated that dye concentrations in coloured effluents ranges from 1000-1500 ADMI units. Composition of wastewater is extremely complicated, usually containing acids, bases, dyes, hydrogen peroxide, starch, surfactants, dispersants, and other chemical substances, and generally has a strong color and high concentration of organic compounds
[14, 15]
. Because of poor wastewater management policies of developing countries, 20% to 40% waterborne diseases are caused by industrial wastewater. At present one lakh chemical compounds are produced all over the world, with a total mass of approximately 70 thousand tonnes of dyestuff is manufactured yearly, and the majority of these dyes are organic as well as water soluble. Which results the bad biodegradability
[16, 17]
. The existence of dyes in the environment has mild to severe toxic effects on human health, including carcinogenic, mutagenic, allergic, and dermatitis effects, kidney disease and toxicity, causing serious harm not only to aquatic life but also no humans. As a result, an efficient dye removal method is imperative to minimize these issues
[18]
.
Accordingly, countless studies have focused on effectively removing organic dyes from wastewater. The techniques utilized for the remediation of dye from wastewater using coagulation / flocculation, electrocoagulation, filtration, adsorption, ion-exchange, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), activated sludge processes (ASP), sequencing batch reactors (SBR), membrane bioreactors (MBR), moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR), Chemical Oxidation, Reverse Osmosis (RO), photo- Fenton, Biological Treatment and constructed wetlands (CW). Although these methods can be effective, they often involve high operating costs, the need to use chemical compounds that may be toxic, and in addition to, they can generate secondary pollution.
Throughout the adsorption method is efficient due to its low cost, ease of handling, and energy-saving features. Adsorption methods involve the movement of solids from the bulk liquid to the surface of the adsorbent. The adsorption of dyes is facilitated by hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions
[19, 20]
. The effectiveness of adsorption is determined both by the properties of the adsorbate (dye) and by the properties of the adsorbent—its specific surface area, volume and pore distribution, surface charge, functional groups, easy fabrication, high effective surface area, multi-functionalities, high surface volume ratio, high reactivity, large number of active sites, reusability, low cost, and high efficiency. Among the countless materials tested as adsorbents of dyes from aqueous solutions are: activated carbons, zeolites, metal oxides, natural sorbents such as powdered walnut shells, and, more recently, biochars and bentonite.
Recent studies have been focused on the excellent adsorption capability of bentonite and have extensively utilized it as an adsorbent to remove organic dyes from wastewater. Bentonite has been used in its original form and it is sieved.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
The chemicals utilized in this study, including fluorescein sodium dye (C. I. NO. 45350), M. W- 376.28, sodium hydroxide (98%), and hydrochloric acid (37%), were bought from Merck. UV–Visible Spectrophotometer 2703, equipped with a 1 cm (0.5 mL) quartz cell was utilized for recording the absorption spectrum and absorption measurements at a wavelength of 490 nm was employed. pH measurements were conducted using a Systronic digital pH meter with an integrated glass pH electrode. Micropipettes and volumetric flasks of appropriate sizes were employed to quantify the reagents and solution volumes. All measurements were carried out at the University department of Chemistry, India.
2.2. Methods
A fluorescein sodium dye stock solution was prepared by diluting the fluorescein powder with deionized water. Fluorescein sodium dye weighing was performed using a digital balance (SR NO. E-17496, Roy Electronics, Varanasi, India). A 0.2g dye was weighed and dissolved in 10 mL of deionized water in a 1000 mL volumetric flask. The volume was then made up to 1000 mL with deionized water to prepare a 200 ppm stock solution of 1000 mg/L fluorescein sodium dye. Take 100 ml of dye solution and measure the pH, weighed 1 g of bentonite and put in a 250 ml conical flask. Put this flask on the stirrer for proper mixing upto 15 minutes. Then filter the solution by whatman, 125 mm ø filter papers. Similarly, experiment was done for fixed time intervals of 15 minutes and at pH of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. Filtrate were analysed by spectrophotometer AU 2703. Each dye was scanned in the wavelength ranging from 190 nm to 600 nm. The absorbance of the degraded sample was noted at λmax = 490 nm.
3. Results
The fluorescein sodium dye absorbed on the surface of adsorbent i.e bentonite. The effect of pH on the adsorption of dye on adsorbent surface, was performed by varying the pH from 2 to 10 of dye solutions by using NaOH and HCl. The absorbance graph (Figure 1) at pH 2 shows that at a wavelength of 200 nm the maximum absorbance is 2.5 for 45 minutes. With the increament of wavelength the absorbance is decreased. From, Figure 2 it reveals that at higher pH 10 and concentration, the absorbance is maximum above 400 wavelength for 60 minutes. Figure 3 depicts that with increase in time upto 60 minutes, at high concentration and basic medium, the absorbance capability of bentonite is maximum. Figure 4 disclose the decolorisation percentage of dye by adsorbent at different time intervals.
Figure 1. Absorbance at different wavelength at pH 2.
Figure 2. Absorbance at different wavelength at pH 10.
Figure 3. Absorbance at different time intervals and pH.
Figure 4. Decolorisation at different time intervals and pH.
The degradation rate was calculated from formula
% decolorisation =Cᵢ-CtCᵢ×100
where, Ci stands for initial concentration and Ct stands for concentration at time t.
Table 1, Reveals the absorbance of fluorescein sodium dye at wavelength range from 400 nm to 500 nm, which is recorded by spectrophotometer. Fluorescein dye has a maximum absorbance wavelength of approximately 490 nm in aqueous solutions, producing a yellowish-green fluorescence. At this wavelength the absorbance 2.683 was recorded. The absorbance is same upto 490.4 nm after 490.6 nm the absorbance is increased for a while and then gradually increase in wavelength results decrease in absorbance value upto 2.675.
Table 1. Absorbance data for pH 10.

Wavelength (nm)

Absorbance

500.0

2.675

499.8

2.675

499.6

2.677

499.4

2.676

499.2

2.678

499.0

2.678

498.8

2.679

498.6

2.679

498.4

2.679

498.2

2.680

498.0

2.680

497.8

2.681

497.6

2.681

497.4

2.682

497.2

2.681

497.0

2.681

496.8

2.681

496.6

2.682

496.4

2.684

496.2

2.685

496.0

2.685

495.8

2.684

495.6

2.683

495.4

2.681

495.2

2.681

495.0

2.681

494.8

2.682

494.6

2.683

494.4

2.684

494.2

2.683

494.0

2.681

493.8

2.679

493.6

2.678

493.4

2.679

493.2

2.682

493.0

2.683

492.8

2.683

492.6

2.683

492.4

2.683

492.2

2.684

492.0

2.682

491.8

2.681

491.6

2.681

491.4

2.684

491.2

2.685

491.0

2.685

490.8

2.684

490.6

2.684

490.4

2.683

490.2

2.683

490.0

2.683

489.8

2.684

489.6

2.685

489.4

2.686

489.2

2.684

489.0

2.684

488.8

2.683

488.6

2.684

488.4

2.684

488.2

2.685

488.0

2.684

487.8

2.683

487.6

2.683

487.4

2.683

487.2

2.684

487.0

2.686

486.8

2.687

486.6

2.688

486.4

2.687

486.2

2.687

486.0

2.686

485.8

2.686

485.6

2.685

485.4

2.684

485.2

2.684

485.0

2.683

484.8

2.684

484.6

2.684

484.4

2.685

484.2

2.684

484.0

2.683

483.8

2.683

483.6

2.682

483.4

2.683

483.2

2.684

483.0

2.685

482.8

2.686

482.6

2.686

482.4

2.686

482.2

2.687

482.0

2.686

481.8

2.685

481.6

2.685

481.4

2.684

481.2

2.684

481.0

2.686

480.8

2.687

480.6

2.687

480.4

2.687

480.2

2.686

480.0

2.686

479.8

2.685

479.6

2.684

479.4

2.685

479.2

2.686

479.0

2.688

478.8

2.689

478.6

2.690

478.4

2.689

478.2

2.688

478.0

2.687

477.8

2.687

477.6

2.686

477.4

2.686

477.2

2.685

477.0

2.684

476.8

2.685

476.6

2.685

476.4

2.686

476.2

2.683

476.0

2.683

475.8

2.682

475.6

2.684

475.4

2.684

475.2

2.686

475.0

2.686

474.8

2.686

474.6

2.685

474.4

2.684

474.2

2.684

474.0

2.683

473.8

2.684

473.6

2.685

473.4

2.687

473.2

2.688

473.0

2.689

472.8

2.688

472.6

2.687

472.4

2.687

472.2

2.686

472.0

2.686

471.8

2.686

471.6

2.687

471.4

2.685

471.2

2.685

471.0

2.685

470.8

2.687

470.6

2.688

470.4

2.688

470.2

2.688

470.0

2.687

469.8

2.686

469.6

2.686

469.4

2.687

469.2

2.690

469.0

2.691

468.8

2.691

468.6

2.690

468.4

2.690

468.2

2.689

468.0

2.688

467.8

2.687

467.6

2.687

467.4

2.686

467.2

2.685

467.0

2.685

466.8

2.684

466.6

2.683

466.4

2.682

466.2

2.683

466.0

2.682

465.8

2.684

465.6

2.683

465.4

2.685

465.2

2.686

465.0

2.687

464.8

2.688

464.6

2.686

464.4

2.687

464.2

2.687

464.0

2.686

463.8

2.684

463.6

2.683

463.4

2.685

463.2

2.685

463.0

2.685

462.8

2.685

462.6

2.686

462.4

2.689

462.2

2.688

462.0

2.688

461.8

2.684

461.6

2.683

461.4

2.680

461.2

2.681

461.0

2.682

460.8

2.683

460.6

2.683

460.4

2.682

460.2

2.681

460.0

2.681

459.8

2.681

459.6

2.684

459.4

2.685

459.2

2.685

459.0

2.684

458.8

2.684

458.6

2.685

458.4

2.687

458.2

2.687

458.0

2.686

457.8

2.683

457.6

2.683

457.4

2.683

457.2

2.683

457.0

2.682

456.8

2.682

456.6

2.683

456.4

2.684

456.2

2.684

456.0

2.681

455.8

2.681

455.6

2.678

455.4

2.680

455.2

2.669

455.0

2.655

454.8

2.626

454.6

2.612

454.4

2.604

454.2

2.603

454.0

2.603

453.8

2.601

453.6

2.600

453.4

2.600

453.2

2.601

453.0

2.602

452.8

2.602

452.6

2.601

452.4

2.601

452.2

2.600

452.0

2.600

451.8

2.599

451.6

2.599

451.4

2.598

451.2

2.598

451.0

2.597

450.8

2.598

450.6

2.598

450.4

2.598

450.2

2.597

450.0

2.598

449.8

2.598

449.6

2.597

449.4

2.597

449.2

2.596

449.0

2.596

448.8

2.595

448.6

2.594

448.4

2.594

448.2

2.594

448.0

2.594

447.8

2.594

447.6

2.594

447.4

2.593

447.2

2.592

447.0

2.591

446.8

2.591

446.6

2.591

446.4

2.591

446.2

2.590

446.0

2.589

445.8

2.588

445.6

2.589

445.4

2.589

445.2

2.589

445.0

2.589

444.8

2.588

444.6

2.588

444.4

2.587

444.2

2.586

444.0

2.587

443.8

2.586

443.6

2.585

443.4

2.584

443.2

2.583

443.0

2.583

442.8

2.583

442.6

2.582

442.4

2.581

442.2

2.581

442.0

2.581

441.8

2.580

441.6

2.579

441.4

2.579

441.2

2.579

441.0

2.578

440.8

2.577

440.6

2.576

440.4

2.577

440.2

2.575

440.0

2.575

439.8

2.574

439.6

2.574

439.4

2.572

439.2

2.571

439.0

2.570

438.8

2.569

438.6

2.568

438.4

2.568

438.2

2.569

438.0

2.569

437.8

2.568

437.6

2.567

437.4

2.566

437.2

2.565

437.0

2.564

436.8

2.563

436.6

2.562

436.4

2.561

436.2

2.560

436.0

2.560

435.8

2.560

435.6

2.558

435.4

2.558

435.2

2.558

435.0

2.557

434.8

2.555

434.6

2.553

434.4

2.552

434.2

2.552

434.0

2.551

433.8

2.551

433.6

2.550

433.4

2.550

433.2

2.549

433.0

2.546

432.8

2.545

432.6

2.542

432.4

2.542

432.2

2.541

432.0

2.540

431.8

2.539

431.6

2.537

431.4

2.534

431.2

2.531

431.0

2.529

430.8

2.526

430.6

2.524

430.4

2.521

430.2

2.554

430.0

2.611

429.8

2.753

429.6

2.848

429.4

2.920

429.2

2.918

429.0

2.911

428.8

2.903

428.6

2.893

428.4

2.886

428.2

2.877

428.0

2.870

427.8

2.859

427.6

2.850

427.4

2.839

427.2

2.833

427.0

2.825

426.8

2.819

426.6

2.809

426.4

2.798

426.2

2.787

426.0

2.775

425.8

2.764

425.6

2.755

425.4

2.745

425.2

2.737

425.0

2.724

424.8

2.712

424.6

2.696

424.4

2.684

424.2

2.669

424.0

2.657

423.8

2.644

423.6

2.632

423.4

2.620

423.2

2.608

423.0

2.594

422.8

2.580

422.6

2.564

422.4

2.548

422.2

2.533

422.0

2.518

421.8

2.502

421.6

2.487

421.4

2.471

421.2

2.456

421.0

2.440

420.8

2.425

420.6

2.409

420.4

2.393

420.2

2.377

420.0

2.361

419.8

2.345

419.6

2.328

419.4

2.312

419.2

2.295

419.0

2.280

418.8

2.264

418.6

2.247

418.4

2.231

418.2

2.214

418.0

2.198

417.8

2.182

417.6

2.166

417.4

2.149

417.2

2.133

417.0

2.117

416.8

2.101

416.6

2.085

416.4

2.067

416.2

2.051

416.0

2.034

415.8

2.019

415.6

2.003

415.4

1.988

415.2

1.973

415.0

1.958

414.8

1.943

414.6

1.929

414.4

1.915

414.2

1.901

414.0

1.887

413.8

1.874

413.6

1.861

413.4

1.849

413.2

1.836

413.0

1.824

412.8

1.812

412.6

1.800

412.4

1.788

412.2

1.776

412.0

1.764

411.8

1.753

411.6

1.742

411.4

1.732

411.2

1.721

411.0

1.711

410.8

1.701

410.6

1.691

410.4

1.681

410.2

1.672

410.0

1.663

409.8

1.654

409.6

1.645

409.4

1.636

409.2

1.628

409.0

1.620

408.8

1.611

408.6

1.604

408.4

1.596

408.2

1.589

408.0

1.583

407.8

1.576

407.6

1.570

407.4

1.563

407.2

1.557

407.0

1.551

406.8

1.545

406.6

1.540

406.4

1.534

406.2

1.529

406.0

1.524

405.8

1.519

405.6

1.515

405.4

1.510

405.2

1.505

405.0

1.499

404.8

1.493

404.6

1.489

404.4

1.484

404.2

1.481

404.0

1.477

403.8

1.474

403.6

1.471

403.4

1.468

403.2

1.465

403.0

1.462

402.8

1.460

402.6

1.457

402.4

1.455

402.2

1.453

402.0

1.451

401.8

1.449

401.6

1.447

401.4

1.446

401.2

1.444

401.0

1.442

400.8

1.441

400.6

1.440

400.4

1.439

400.2

1.437

400.0

1.437
4. Discussion
Figure 1. Depicts that the acidic behaviour of fluorescein dye at pH 2. The maximum absorbance is 0.021 at 15 minutes for 200 ppm at a wavelength of 490 nm. As the wavelength linearly increased, the absorbance continuously decreased upto 0.004 at 600 nm. Whereas at alkaline pH 10, the absorbance is 2.671 for 15 minutes, 2.688 for 30 minutes, 2.676 for 45 minutes and the maximum absorbance is 2.683 achieved at a time interval of 60 minutes at 490 nm as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 3 exhibit that at an acidic pH 2 the absorbance is poor but at an alkaline pH 10 and time interval of 60 minutes the absorbance is maximum for 200 ppm.
Figure 4. Clearly shows that at acidic pH 2 and 4 and higher concentration the approximately the constant decolorisation percentage is achieved by 99.99% for a time interval of 15 minutes. At neutral pH 8, the maximum decolorisation percentage, 99.96% is achieved with linearly increase in time.
At pH 10, initially the decolorisation is increased and decolorisation percentage 99.97 is recorded, after 15 minutes it decreased and then again increased for a while. At pH 6, the decolorisation percentage is continuously increased upto 45 minutes and then decreased.
5. Conclusions
This study demonstrates the bentonite performance, easy availability, cost effectiveness, high porosity, recycling ability, and abundant active sites on its surface, as bentonite was used for the removal of fluorescein sodium dye. At acidic pH the constant decolorisation percentage is achieved by 99.99% for a time interval of 15 minutes. At pH 10 the initial decolorisation percentage is 99.98 but after a time interval of 15 inutes it decreased.
Abbreviations

MB

Methylene Blue

RhB

Rhodamine B

CR

Congo Red

OPD

Orthophenylenediamine

PPD

Paraphenylenediamine

DV

Disperse Violet

MR

Methyl Red

CV

Crystal Violet
Acknowledgments
I acknowledge Dr. Ashok Kumar Jha, University Department of Chemistry for extending the laboratory facility.
Author Contributions
Amit Anand: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft
Data Availability Statement
The data supporting the outcome of this research work has been reported in this manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
References
[1] Joshi, M., Bansal, R., & Purwar, R. (2004). Colour removal from textile effluents. Indian Journal of Fiber & Textile Research, 29, 239-259.
[2] Mohammed, W. T., Farhood, H. F., & Al-Mas' udi, A. H. B. (2007). Removal of Dyes from Wastewater of Textile Industries Using Activated Carbon and Activated Alumina. Technical Paper, Chemical Engineering Department-College of Engineering-University of Baghdad–Iraq.
[3] Ramaraju, B., Manoj Kumar Reddy, P., & Subrahmanyam, C. (2013). Low cost adsorbents from agricultural waste for removal of dyes. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 33(1), 38-46.

https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.11742

[4] Chamargore, J. J., Bharad, J. V., Madje, B. R., & Ubale, M. B. (2010). The removal of dye from aqueous solution by adsorption on low cost adsorbents. Journal of Chemistry, 7(3), 1003-1007.
[5] Velmurugan, P., Kumar, R. V., & Dhinakaran, G. (2011). Dye removal from aqueous solution using low cost adsorbent. International journal of environmental sciences, 1(7), 1492.
[6] Oyelude, E. O., & Appiah-Takyi, F. (2012). Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using alkali-modified malted sorghum mash. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 36(2), 161-169.

https://doi.org/10.3906/MUH-1108-6

[7] Nabhani, Az & Hasan, Zahidah & Herawati, Heti & Zulti, Fifia. (2024). Assessment of Natural Bentonite Efficacy for Dye Removal in Textile Wastewater Treatment: Implication for Mitigating River Citarum Pollution. LIMNOTEK Perairan Darat Tropis di Indonesia. 30. 38-47.

https://doi.org/10.55981/limnotek.2024.4848

[8] Anand, A., and Jha, A. K. (2025). Adsorptive decoloration of o-Phenylenediamine using bentonite mineral. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 18(4), 2203-2208.

http://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2025.1849287

[9] Anand, A., Jha, A. K., and Thakur, R. (2025). A Comparative study of removal of Paraphenylene diamine using bentonite and activated charcoal. Current world Environment, 20(2), 692-697.

http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.20.2.12

[10] Anand, A., and Jha, A. K. (2026). Spectrophotometric Analysis and Removal of Fluorescein Sodium Dye from Aqueous Solution using Activated Charcoal & Bentonite. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research. 13(1), a515-a522.

https://doi.org/10.56975/jetir.v13i1.572940

[11] Anand, A. (2026). Effect of Operational Parameters for Removal of Fluorescein Sodium Dyes by Bentonite. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, 6(1), 167-172.

https://doi.org/10.48175/IJARSCT-31424

[12] Anand, A. (2023). Application and Effect of P-Phenylenediamine on Hair Dye. Journal of Regional Studies, 33-34(65-68), 164-166.
[13] Y. M. Slokar and A. M. L. Marechal. (1998). Methods of decoloration of textile wastewaters. Dyes Pigments, 37(4), 335–356.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7208(97)00075-2

[14] Moosavi, S., Lai, C. W., Gan, S., Zamiri, G., Pivehzhani, O. A., & Johan, M. R. (2020). Application of Efficient Magnetic Particles and Activated Carbon for Dye Removal from Wastewater. ACS Omega, 5(33), 20684– 20697.

https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01905

[15] Wang C-T, Hu J-L, Chou W-L, Kuo Y-M. (2008). Removal of color from real dyeing wastewater by Electro-Fenton technology using a three-dimensional graphite cathode. J Hazard Mater. 152(2), 601–606.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.023

[16] Parsa J. B, Shojaat R. (2007), Removal of organic dye pollutants from wastewater by electrochemical oxidation. Physics and Chemistry of Liquids. 45(4), 479–485.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00319100601089752

[17] Anirudhan, T. S., Chandran, R. (2015). Adsorptive removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions by surfactant modified bentonite clay (organoclay): kinetic and competitive adsorption isotherm. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 95, 215–225.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2015.03.003

[18] Bhatt, A. S., Sakaria, P. L., Vasudevan, M., Pawar, R. R., Sudheesh, N., Bajaj, H. C., Mody, H. M. (2012). Adsorption of an anionic dye from aqueous medium by organo clays: equilibrium modeling, kinetic and thermodynamic exploration. RSC Advances, 2, 8663–8671.

https://doi.org/10.1039/C2RA20347B

[19] Ddani, M., Meunier, A., Zahraoui, M., Beaufort, D., El Wartiti, M., Fontaine, C., Boukili, B., El Mahi, B. (2005). Clay mineralogy and chemical composition of bentonites from the Gourougou volcanic massif (northeast Morocco). Clays and Clay Minerals, 53(3), 250–267.

https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2005.0530305

[20] Mingzhong Zhou, Taiyi Luo, Warren D. Huff, Shirong Liu. (2014). Prominent Lower Cambrian K-Bentonites In South China: Distribution, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry. Journal of Sedimentary Research. 84(10), 842–853.

https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2014.66

Cite This Article
Plain Text BibTeX RIS

  • APA Style

    Anand, A. (2026). An Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometric Approach to Establish a Method for Determining the Presence of Fluorescein Sodium Dye. Modern Chemistry, 14(2), 58-70. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20261402.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Anand, A. An Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometric Approach to Establish a Method for Determining the Presence of Fluorescein Sodium Dye. Mod. Chem. 2026, 14(2), 58-70. doi: 10.11648/j.mc.20261402.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Anand A. An Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometric Approach to Establish a Method for Determining the Presence of Fluorescein Sodium Dye. Mod Chem. 2026;14(2):58-70. doi: 10.11648/j.mc.20261402.12

    Copy | Download 

  • @article{10.11648/j.mc.20261402.12,
  author = {Amit Anand},
  title = {An Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometric Approach to Establish a Method for Determining the Presence of Fluorescein Sodium Dye},
  journal = {Modern Chemistry},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {58-70},
  doi = {10.11648/j.mc.20261402.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20261402.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.mc.20261402.12},
  abstract = {This research look over the application of adsorbent as bentonite. Bentonite, aluminum phyllosilicate clay made up of montmorillonite. Montmorillonite known for enormous water absorption and high surface area. Dyeing industries are crucial ecological hazards donating upto twenty percent of industrial water pollution. These industries discharge toxic sewer water containing heavy metals, mutagenic substances, carcinogenic amines, and non-biodegradable chemicals, affects human health and aquatic ecosystems. The contamination of water with toxic dyes poses serious threats to surrounding. Therefore it is mandatory to overcome the environmental challenges with reliable and ability of component and environmental impact. Bentonite having capability to detoxified the harmful substances. It has the dormant for sorption the pesticide endrin possibly due to a combination of hydrophobic and charge-dipole. This study examined the potential of bentonite as adsorbent techniques for treating fluorescein sodium dyes from aqueous solutions. Experiment is done on the particular concentration of 200 ppm and at fixed pH of 2, 4 6, 8 and 10. Results recorded by the systronics spectrophotometer for absorbance Vs wavelength at pH 2 and 10 for fixed interval of time, Absorbance Vs Time, and decolorisation of dye. The performance of bentonite regarding color removal was optimum when the initial pH was 10 for 15 minutes and under ideal circumstances, decolorisation was shown to be 99.97% at alkaline pH. At pH 2 and 4 constant absorbance is achieved by 99.99% for a time intervals of 15 minutes. At an acidic pH the absorbance gradually decreased with respect to time. The spectrophotometric data at a wavelength of 490 nm is 2.683 at pH 10, shows the absorbance of toxic substances. As the wavelength is gradually increased the absorbance is also increased. The response of adsorbent as bentonite for the removal of fluorescein dyes from aqueous solution as well as for healthy environment is excellent and verified.},
 year = {2026}
}

    Copy | Download 

  • TY  - JOUR
T1  - An Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometric Approach to Establish a Method for Determining the Presence of Fluorescein Sodium Dye
AU  - Amit Anand
Y1  - 2026/05/14
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20261402.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.mc.20261402.12
T2  - Modern Chemistry
JF  - Modern Chemistry
JO  - Modern Chemistry
SP  - 58
EP  - 70
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-180X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20261402.12
AB  - This research look over the application of adsorbent as bentonite. Bentonite, aluminum phyllosilicate clay made up of montmorillonite. Montmorillonite known for enormous water absorption and high surface area. Dyeing industries are crucial ecological hazards donating upto twenty percent of industrial water pollution. These industries discharge toxic sewer water containing heavy metals, mutagenic substances, carcinogenic amines, and non-biodegradable chemicals, affects human health and aquatic ecosystems. The contamination of water with toxic dyes poses serious threats to surrounding. Therefore it is mandatory to overcome the environmental challenges with reliable and ability of component and environmental impact. Bentonite having capability to detoxified the harmful substances. It has the dormant for sorption the pesticide endrin possibly due to a combination of hydrophobic and charge-dipole. This study examined the potential of bentonite as adsorbent techniques for treating fluorescein sodium dyes from aqueous solutions. Experiment is done on the particular concentration of 200 ppm and at fixed pH of 2, 4 6, 8 and 10. Results recorded by the systronics spectrophotometer for absorbance Vs wavelength at pH 2 and 10 for fixed interval of time, Absorbance Vs Time, and decolorisation of dye. The performance of bentonite regarding color removal was optimum when the initial pH was 10 for 15 minutes and under ideal circumstances, decolorisation was shown to be 99.97% at alkaline pH. At pH 2 and 4 constant absorbance is achieved by 99.99% for a time intervals of 15 minutes. At an acidic pH the absorbance gradually decreased with respect to time. The spectrophotometric data at a wavelength of 490 nm is 2.683 at pH 10, shows the absorbance of toxic substances. As the wavelength is gradually increased the absorbance is also increased. The response of adsorbent as bentonite for the removal of fluorescein dyes from aqueous solution as well as for healthy environment is excellent and verified.
VL  - 14
IS  - 2
ER  -

    Copy | Download

Author Information

  • Amit Anand

    University Department of Chemistry, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, India

    Biography: Amit Anand, Research Scholar Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, India. My research work is based on dyes and water pollution. My Five research articles are published in different peer reviewed and scopus journals. I am honoured with various prestigious awards such as best paper presentation (2026) by Ixora Research Association, Jharkhand, India; Best Young Researcher Award-2023 by Global Leader Foundation, Delhi, India and Indian Icon Awards (2024) by Kiteskraft Productions LPP, Punjab, India. I believes that “learning is not about remembering facts, it’s about thinking and investigating how things work.”

    Contact Email

    http://orcid.org/0009-0002-7877-0219

Download PDF
Submit an Article

About Us

Science Publishing Group (SciencePG) is an Open Access publisher, with more than 300 online, peer-reviewed journals covering a wide range of academic disciplines.

Learn More About SciencePG

Products

Information

Important Link

Copyright © 2012 -- 2026 Science Publishing Group – All rights reserved.