Review Article
Radioactive Waste Management and Safety Frameworks for VVER-1200 Reactors at the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant: A Comprehensive Review
Samsul Islam
,
Md. Jakir Hossen,
Md. Ashikur Rahman,
Mohammad Zoynal Abedin*,
Jahirul Islam,
Nurul Hoda Sanid,
Zahid Ahsan,
Amanullah Moral,
Md. Saiful Islam,
Al-Amin,
Md. Tasdid Hasan,
Md Sajedul Islam,
Md. Erfanul Hasan Sakib,
Md. Abdulla Al Korais,
Abdur Rahman Muin,
Md. Mobashir Hosain,
Md. Fardouse Alam,
Mohammad Monirul Kabir Mridha,
Md. Hossain Ali,
Md. Rezaul Karim Sikder,
Shariful Islam,
Md Ashraful Islam Bhuiyan
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
45-55
Received:
22 October 2025
Accepted:
4 November 2025
Published:
10 April 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajee.20261402.11
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Abstract: Bangladesh's entry into the nuclear age with the construction of its first commercial nuclear power project, the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (RNPP), featuring two Generation III+ VVER-1200 units supplied by the Russian Federation, is a significant step towards achieving energy security. However, this significant technological advancement necessitates the parallel establishment of robust, internationally compliant strategies for the safe and sustainable management of radioactive waste (RW). This comprehensive review systematically synthesizes the proposed and implemented approaches for RW treatment, disposal, and regulatory oversight at the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant, providing a critical analysis of the country's "National Policy on Radioactive Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel Management-2019" and associated bilateral agreements. The primary finding highlights the strategic success of the policy, which mandates the repatriation of all high-level waste (Spent Nuclear Fuel, SNF) back to Russia, thereby eliminating the nation's most significant long-term nuclear liability. This agreement effectively offloads the burden of managing an estimated 50-60 tons of highly radioactive waste annually (fuel inventory and discharge estimates commensurate with 2.4 GWe plant capacity). Conversely, the review focuses on the domestic challenge of managing Low and Intermediate-Level Waste (LILW), examining the specialized technical systems for treating solid radioactive waste (SRW), liquid radioactive waste (LRW), and gaseous waste, including solidification processes and interim storage plans. Furthermore, the paper critically outlines the required strengthening of the regulatory framework under the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority (BAERA) and identifies critical long-term gaps. These gaps include the absence of a formalized repository for final disposal of Low and Intermediate-Level Waste, the need for fully capitalized financial assurance funds, and the necessity for sustained investment in institutional capacity and human resources. This review contributes a vital synthesis to the literature on nuclear new build programs, particularly for developing nations, by detailing strategic solutions and outlining the immediate technical, regulatory, and financial priorities required to ensure the long-term safety and sustainability of the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant.
Abstract: Bangladesh's entry into the nuclear age with the construction of its first commercial nuclear power project, the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (RNPP), featuring two Generation III+ VVER-1200 units supplied by the Russian Federation, is a significant step towards achieving energy security. However, this significant technological advancement necessitat...
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Research Article
Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Dung and Rumen Fluid for Biogas Production
Ibe Raymond Obinna*,
Amechi Jonathan,
Nnadikwe Johnson
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
56-61
Received:
21 February 2026
Accepted:
9 March 2026
Published:
11 April 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajee.20261402.12
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Abstract: The Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Dung and Rumen Fluid for Biogas Production was investigated using a 75L bio-digester. The substrate mixture, comprising cow dung and rumen fluid in a 1:1 ratio, was anaerobically digested with a water-to-substrate ratio of 1:1. The digester was stirred thrice daily to ensure optimal mixing and biogas production. Over a 14-day retention period, biogas production was monitored, and the resulting gas composition was analyzed. The biogas yielded 57.99% methane (CH4), 39.99% carbon dioxide (CO2), 2.00% oxygen (O2), 0.01% hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and 0.01% water vapor. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of co-digesting cow dung and rumen fluid for biogas production, highlighting the potential for sustainable energy generation from agro-industrial waste. The study reveals that the anaerobic digestion process was effective in converting organic waste into a valuable energy resource. The presence of methane as the primary component indicates the potential for energy generation, while the low oxygen content confirms the anaerobic nature of the process. The results suggest that co-digestion of cow dung and rumen fluid can enhance biogas production, offering a promising solution for waste management and renewable energy production. This study Reveal the optimization of biogas production from agro-industrial waste, contributing to the development of sustainable energy solutions. The outcomes of this research have significant implications for Nigeria's energy sector, where abundant agricultural waste can be harnessed to meet energy demands.
Abstract: The Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Dung and Rumen Fluid for Biogas Production was investigated using a 75L bio-digester. The substrate mixture, comprising cow dung and rumen fluid in a 1:1 ratio, was anaerobically digested with a water-to-substrate ratio of 1:1. The digester was stirred thrice daily to ensure optimal mixing and biogas production. Over ...
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