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Research Article
Translatability and Untranslatability in Hemingway's Literary Style
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
91-100
Received:
5 June 2025
Accepted:
23 June 2025
Published:
30 July 2025
Abstract: The quality of translation is influenced by the nature of the language and the clarity of the ideas within the translated fields. While the quality level increases in texts pertaining to abstract sciences (such as mathematics), experimental sciences (such as physics), and applied sciences (such as computer science), to the extent that human translation nearly matches machine translation and neural translation, a divergence begins to emerge among translations related to social sciences (like legal translation), theology (such as the translation of sacred texts), and the humanities (for instance, literary translation). This divergence highlights a significant issue in translation studies: the distinction between translatability and untranslatability. In this context, the present study examines the nuances of American novelist Ernest Hemingway's creative writing philosophy. It discusses the feasibility of translating his texts into languages that are quite distant from their original context, such as Arabic. Since Ernest Hemingway does not place much emphasis on content—given that his works are essentially autobiographies in novelistic form—this study concentrates on analysing the expressive form of this exceptional novelist, rightly regarded as the king of narrative language and the undisputed master of narrative style. The study traces Hemingway's straightforward language, comprehensible to readers of all ages, and his plain style, which embeds his attitudes towards his era. It concludes that any translation of Hemingway's works should aim to transpose the form of his works morphologically, stylistically, syntactically, and semantically, in order to merit the label of translation and bolster the arguments of those who advocate for translatability.
Abstract: The quality of translation is influenced by the nature of the language and the clarity of the ideas within the translated fields. While the quality level increases in texts pertaining to abstract sciences (such as mathematics), experimental sciences (such as physics), and applied sciences (such as computer science), to the extent that human transla...
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Research Article
Studying the Role and Function of Iranian Armenians in the Iran-Russia Wars During the Qajar Period Based on the Orders of Matenadaran Documents
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
101-107
Received:
2 July 2025
Accepted:
11 July 2025
Published:
4 August 2025
Abstract: During the Qajar period, the Armenians of Iran, as a social group with their own characteristics, had a great influence on the political and economic developments of the country. This community, especially during the Iran-Russia wars, played a vital role due to its geographical location and trade relations. Armenians helped the Qajar government in the wars by creating extensive trade networks and providing financial resources. This research seeks to answer the following questions with a descriptive-analytical approach: 1- What was the role of the Armenians of Iran in providing financial and military resources for the Qajar government in the Iran-Russia wars and how did this role affect the course of the wars? 2- How have Armenians acted as mediators and political advisors in peace negotiations and agreements between Iran and Russia, and what impact have these interactions had on the social and political situation of Armenians in Iran? The findings of the study indicate that Iranian Armenians have acted as a key factor in strengthening the war fronts for the Qajar government by providing financial resources, goods, and manpower, which has had a positive impact on the course of the wars. Armenians, as mediators and political advisors in peace negotiations, have been able to help protect their interests and the Armenian community in Iran by using their mastery of different languages and cultures, and these interactions have led to the strengthening of their cultural and social identity.
Abstract: During the Qajar period, the Armenians of Iran, as a social group with their own characteristics, had a great influence on the political and economic developments of the country. This community, especially during the Iran-Russia wars, played a vital role due to its geographical location and trade relations. Armenians helped the Qajar government in ...
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Research Article
Negotiating the Three Orders: A Lacanian Analysis of Subject Construction in E. M. Forster’s Maurice
Bao Chen
,
Yanwei Cai,
Junfeng Zhan*
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
108-118
Received:
1 April 2025
Accepted:
14 April 2025
Published:
3 September 2025
Abstract: This study aims to unravel Maurice Hall’s psychological fragmentation and subject construction in E.M. Forster’s Maurice through Jacques Lacan’s Three Orders theory, assisted by Voyant Tools’ computational text analysis. Trapped in the Real Order, Maurice’s unarticulated homosexual desires and traumatic experiences manifest as a splintered psyche, where fragmented self-identity emerges from the chasm between primal drives and social prohibition. The Imaginary Order temporarily stabilizes this rupture through Clive’s role as Maurice’s ideal ego-a mirror-stage construct that allows Maurice to project an illusory homosexual wholeness. Yet this precarious alignment disintegrates when Clive’s marriage violently reasserts heteronormativity, exposing the Imaginary’s inherent falsity and triggering Maurice’s psychotic breakdown. Crucially, the crisis becomes a catalyst for resistance: Maurice begins dismantling the Symbolic Order’s oppressive structures-the Other’s authority embodied in religious dogma, legal violence, pedagogical indoctrination, and familial expectations. His ultimate transcendence occurs not through assimilation but via a defiant return to the Real-reclaiming queer desire in liminal spaces that exist beyond Symbolic codification. By situating Maurice’s exploration of homosexuality and identity formation within the Three Orders framework and digital humanities tools, this paper illuminates how Forster’s text subverts Edwardian sexual hegemony and offers a perspective for interpreting Maurice’s subject construction.
Abstract: This study aims to unravel Maurice Hall’s psychological fragmentation and subject construction in E.M. Forster’s Maurice through Jacques Lacan’s Three Orders theory, assisted by Voyant Tools’ computational text analysis. Trapped in the Real Order, Maurice’s unarticulated homosexual desires and traumatic experiences manifest as a splintered psyche, ...
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Research Article
Diasporic Culture in Urban Spaces: A Study of the Unwritten Moral Code of the Igorots in Baguio City
Beverly Banaken Laltoog*
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
119-127
Received:
20 August 2025
Accepted:
30 August 2025
Published:
19 September 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ellc.20251003.14
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Abstract: In the urban landscape, preserving cultural heritage is crucial for maintaining community identity, especially among the diverse ethnolinguistic groups in Baguio City. This study uses a qualitative-descriptive approach to explore the meaning of "inayan," investigate its practices, and examine related cultural values. "Inayan," a Kankanaey term, embodies values and guidance central to the Kankanaey people’s culture, particularly in the western Mountain Province, including Bauko, Besao, Sagada, and Tadian. Although it lacks a direct English translation, "inayan" suggests ideas like "something not to be done," "something prohibited," or "something that is not good," often due to negative consequences. The findings indicate that "inayan" goes beyond a set of rules; it serves as a guiding principle focused on harmony, respect, and community welfare. The Igorots emphasize their commitment to "inayan" in daily life—activities, professions, relationships, and community engagement—especially after moving to the city. In professions like teaching and law enforcement, "inayan" serves as a guiding compass, reminding individuals of their ethical responsibilities and the impact of their choices. This commitment contributes to Baguio City being known as the "home of the most disciplined cops" and a leading education center in the north. Similarly, taxi drivers uphold fairness and honesty, earning Baguio City the reputation of being the "home of honest taxi drivers."
Abstract: In the urban landscape, preserving cultural heritage is crucial for maintaining community identity, especially among the diverse ethnolinguistic groups in Baguio City. This study uses a qualitative-descriptive approach to explore the meaning of "inayan," investigate its practices, and examine related cultural values. "Inayan," a Kankanaey term, emb...
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