Research Article
Assessing the Levels of Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Water and Fish Species Linked to Potential Risks to Health in Olooge Lagoon, Lagos State
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, April 2026
Pages:
30-47
Received:
29 January 2026
Accepted:
9 February 2026
Published:
23 March 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijepp.20261402.11
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Abstract: This study was conducted on Olooge Lagoon, to assess the concentration of heavy metals in water and three fish species (Tilapia, Silver Catfish, and Chinos), as well as to analyze the physicochemical parameters in the water samples collected. The objective of the study was to determine the concentrations of various heavy metals and evaluate potential health risks associated with fish consumption from the lagoon using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Health risk assessments (HRA) were conducted using Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Cancer Risk Index (CRI) models. The water's physicochemical parameters, including pH, TDS, and electrical conductivity, showed that alkalinity and hardness were the most prevalent compared to WHO and NESREA guidelines. The results showed that Tilapia had the highest concentration of heavy metals, followed by Silver Catfish and then Chinos. The descending order of metal concentration in fish samples was observed as follows: K > Ca > Na > Mg > Fe > Zn > Al > Mn > Ba > U > Tl > Cu > Se > Pb > As > Ag > Ni > V > Be. The HQ and HI values for children exceeded safe limits across all fish species, and CRI values for Arsenic and Lead also exceeded acceptable cancer risk thresholds. This study concludes that fish from Olooge Lagoon pose significant health risks, especially to children, due to bioaccumulated toxic metals. Regular environmental monitoring, pollution control, and provision of alternative clean water and fish sources are strongly recommended.
Abstract: This study was conducted on Olooge Lagoon, to assess the concentration of heavy metals in water and three fish species (Tilapia, Silver Catfish, and Chinos), as well as to analyze the physicochemical parameters in the water samples collected. The objective of the study was to determine the concentrations of various heavy metals and evaluate potenti...
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Research Article
Thoughts on the Integrated Implementation and Synergies of MEAs
Wei Ma*
,
Yixuan Wang,
Jin Huang,
Yuhang Wang,
Jingyi Han,
Yan Liu
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 2, April 2026
Pages:
48-55
Received:
27 February 2026
Accepted:
16 March 2026
Published:
27 March 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijepp.20261402.12
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Abstract: This article examines the current state and future trajectory of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in addressing escalating global environmental crises. Despite the proliferation of MEAs since 1971 and recent milestones such as CBD COP16, persistent challenges - including geopolitical fragmentation, inadequate financing, and weak compliance mechanisms - continue to undermine their effectiveness. The author contends that the siloed nature of individual conventions diminishes their collective impact, arguing that integrated implementation and enhanced synergies are essential to overcome these limitations. The article proposes a framework for integration grounded in three principles: alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals, harmonization of objectives, and coordinated resolutions. Operationally, it recommends five key strategies: establishing a global strategic framework for MEAs, strengthening international cooperation mechanisms, advancing nationally determined contributions, expanding the Global Environment Facility, and coordinating Scientific and Technical Review Panels to eliminate redundancy. Recognizing national-level barriers - particularly fragmented management authorities - the paper advocates for national focal points to synchronize policy positions, cross-sectoral policy development, and unified monitoring tools. Ultimately, it concludes that harmonized information management and deepened collaboration among conventions and national bodies can accelerate collective progress, citing CITES' decades-long effort to regulate ivory trade as an exemplar of how such synergies can finally tip the scales toward effective global environmental governance.
Abstract: This article examines the current state and future trajectory of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) in addressing escalating global environmental crises. Despite the proliferation of MEAs since 1971 and recent milestones such as CBD COP16, persistent challenges - including geopolitical fragmentation, inadequate financing, and weak complia...
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