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Research Article
Artificial Intelligence: The Benefits and Ethics of Its Use in Every Sector
Arjana Kasaj Llano*
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
304-313
Received:
11 May 2026
Accepted:
25 May 2026
Published:
17 July 2026
Abstract: We live in the world of digitalization of Artificial Intelligence which has brought significant improvements in many sectors of life in human society. Artificial intelligence paradigms generate results, objectives, solve problems that previously could not be solved and were blocked in a dead end that could not be solved. It has intervened and solved problems in every field in education, health, judiciary, prosecution, police, e-government, in the approximation of legislation with that of the European Union in health, science, technology, information, transport, financial systems and many other sectors. The first acts were generated by the actors of the European Union, they brought the first act in the AI Directive, the Regulation, and then followed them all over the world and developed acts on Artificial Intelligence. It has its positive benefits, but it also has some negative effects by interfering and violating human rights, privacy, personal data security, the whole world must draft policies to protect human rights and to respecting the Intelligence Code of Ethics. Have policies been taken for criminal offenses committed by artificial intelligence?My opinion is that the time has come, in every country in the world, to sanction criminal offenses committed by artificial intelligence in criminal codes.”How has Artificial Intelligence affected the world in recent years? What have been the benefits to society? Have provisions been formed in the Criminal Code for the offenses that come as a result of AI?
Abstract: We live in the world of digitalization of Artificial Intelligence which has brought significant improvements in many sectors of life in human society. Artificial intelligence paradigms generate results, objectives, solve problems that previously could not be solved and were blocked in a dead end that could not be solved. It has intervened and solve...
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Research Article
Jurisdiction, Power and the Denial of Justice: The Impact of Jurisdictional Incompetence on Fair Trial Rights in Cameroon
Nelson Agbor*
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
314-328
Received:
13 June 2026
Accepted:
23 June 2026
Published:
17 July 2026
Abstract: The right to a fair trial is a cornerstone of the rule of law. In Cameroon, however, procedural objections based on jurisdictional incompetence have increasingly impeded effective judicial protection. Although jurisdictional rules are intended to promote legal certainty and the orderly administration of justice, their application has, in some cases, led to prolonged delays, the denial of remedies, and the erosion of fair trial guarantees. This article examines how jurisdictional incompetence operates within the Cameroonian judicial system and assesses its implications for access to justice, due process, and the protection of human rights. The study adopts a doctrinal methodology, complemented by socio-legal analysis. It draws on constitutional provisions, statutory instruments, judicial decisions, and international human rights standards, including the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The analysis is further informed by Critical Legal Theory and the Law-and-Society approach, which regard law as operating within broader structures of political power and institutional influence. These perspectives provide a framework for examining how procedural doctrines may shape access to justice and reinforce existing power relations. The findings reveal that jurisdictional incompetence extends beyond a technical procedural issue and may serve as a mechanism that limits the availability of timely and effective remedies. Frequent transfers of cases between courts, restrictive interpretations of jurisdictional mandates, and prolonged disputes over competence often undermine the right to a hearing within a reasonable time and weaken public confidence in judicial institutions. In politically sensitive cases, jurisdictional challenges may also facilitate indirect interference with judicial accountability. The article argues that meaningful reform requires a rights-oriented approach to jurisdiction that prioritises substantive justice over excessive procedural formalism. It concludes by proposing legal and institutional reforms to strengthen fair trial guarantees, enhance judicial efficiency, and reinforce the rule of law in Cameroon.
Abstract: The right to a fair trial is a cornerstone of the rule of law. In Cameroon, however, procedural objections based on jurisdictional incompetence have increasingly impeded effective judicial protection. Although jurisdictional rules are intended to promote legal certainty and the orderly administration of justice, their application has, in some cases...
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Research Article
The Institutionalization of Social Distance: Reconsidering Classical Islamic Classifications of Non-muslims in Light of the Qur'anic Vision of Humanity
Mark A Gabriel*
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
329-345
Received:
18 June 2026
Accepted:
20 July 2026
Published:
30 July 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijls.20260903.13
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Abstract: This article examines the historical transformation of the non-Muslim from a human being addressed within the Qur’an’s universal moral vision into a legal category defined by later Islamic jurisprudence. Drawing on textual, historical, and conceptual analysis, it argues that classical juristic classifications such as dhimmī, muʿāhid, mustaʾmin, and ḥarbī emerged within specific historical contexts shaped by imperial governance, military conflict, taxation, treaty-making, and communal administration. Although these categories served important regulatory functions in medieval Muslim societies, their continued transmission contributed to the institutionalization of social distance between Muslims and non-Muslims. The article distinguishes between revelation and jurisprudence, arguing that the Qur’an’s primary vocabulary concerning humanity is ethical and universal rather than administrative and classificatory. The Qur’an speaks of humankind, the children of Adam, human dignity, justice, mercy, freedom of conscience, moral responsibility, and mutual recognition. By contrast, later legal discourse often approached non-Muslims through inherited categories of status and political relationship. The central claim is not that classical jurists acted without sincerity or intellectual sophistication, but that legal frameworks developed for medieval societies should not be treated as timeless definitions of human relationships. In contemporary pluralistic societies shaped by citizenship, constitutional equality, religious freedom, and shared civic belonging, inherited classifications require critical re-examination. The article therefore proposes a Qur’anic framework for Muslim-non-Muslim relations rooted in human dignity, justice, mercy, freedom, accountability before God, and cooperation in goodness. It concludes that sustainable reform must arise from within the Islamic tradition itself, not through the mere importation of external frameworks, and that recovering the Qur’an’s vision of the human person offers a more faithful and constructive foundation for human coexistence in the modern world.
Abstract: This article examines the historical transformation of the non-Muslim from a human being addressed within the Qur’an’s universal moral vision into a legal category defined by later Islamic jurisprudence. Drawing on textual, historical, and conceptual analysis, it argues that classical juristic classifications such as dhimmī, muʿāhid, mustaʾmin, and...
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