Review Article
Comprehensive Overview of Eugenol: Focusing on Sources, Structure, Pharmacological Activities, Mechanisms of Action, Safety Profile, and Applications
Ahmad Umar Faruq
,
Ibrahim Mohammed Ibrahim*
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
39-47
Received:
12 June 2025
Accepted:
26 June 2025
Published:
13 September 2025
Abstract: Eugenol is a natural occurring phenylpropanoid that is primarily derived from clove oil. It’s known to have a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects such as, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, neuroprotective, and anticancer activities. Its therapeutic action are mediated through various molecular mechanisms, such as the inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes, regulation of oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, and prevention of tumor metastasis. However, despite its promised clinical benefits as a bioactive compound, its clinical potential faces limitation due to the poor aqueous solubility, bioavailability and dose dependent toxicity. Nevertheless, recent advancements in the field of drug delivery systems particularly Micro/Nano-formulations through encapsulation techniques offer potential solutions to these limitations. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of eugenol, aiming on its natural sources, chemical structure, pharmacological properties, and mechanisms of action, safety considerations, current applications, recent advancements and future perspectives for eugenol as multifunctional bioactive compound potential.
Abstract: Eugenol is a natural occurring phenylpropanoid that is primarily derived from clove oil. It’s known to have a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects such as, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, neuroprotective, and anticancer activities. Its therapeutic action are mediated through various molecular mechanisms, such as the i...
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Review Article
Lipid Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: Advances, Challenges, and Clinical Prospects
Alebachew Molla*
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
48-54
Received:
3 September 2025
Accepted:
13 September 2025
Published:
9 October 2025
Abstract: Lipid nanoparticles have emerged as a highly promising platform for drug delivery, offering remarkable advantages such as biocompatibility, ease of preparation, scalability, and the ability to encapsulate a wide range of therapeutic agents including hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs as well as nucleic acids. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in the design and optimization of various types of LNPs, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers, each tailored to balance stability, drug loading, and release profiles. Advances in lipid chemistry, helper lipids, and surface modification strategies have enhanced delivery efficiency and reduced toxicity, enabling clinical successes such as FDA-approved mRNA vaccines and RNAi therapies. Despite these advances, challenges remain in achieving long-term stability, overcoming biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier, managing immunogenicity, and ensuring reproducible large-scale manufacturing. Future directions focusing on improved targeting through ligand and receptor engineering, integration with advanced gene editing tools like CRISPR, and next-generation LNPs with enhanced functionalities are poised to expand the therapeutic potential and personalized applications of this versatile platform. Thus, lipid nanoparticles stand as a transformative technology with broad clinical prospects in infectious diseases, cancer, genetic disorders, and beyond, heralding a new era of precision medicine. The aim of this review is to comprehensively encapsulate the advancements, challenges, and clinical potential of lipid nanoparticles as drug delivery systems.
Abstract: Lipid nanoparticles have emerged as a highly promising platform for drug delivery, offering remarkable advantages such as biocompatibility, ease of preparation, scalability, and the ability to encapsulate a wide range of therapeutic agents including hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs as well as nucleic acids. Over the past decades, significant progr...
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