This study provided important insights into new, real time, control measures at reducing larval, vector density [Macro Seek and Destroy (S&D) and blood parasite level [Micro S&D] in a malaria treated and suspected intervened population. Initially, this study employed a low-cost (< $1000) drone (DJI Phantom) for eco-geographically locating, water bodies including natural water bodies, irrigated rice paddies, cultivated swamps, ditches, ponds, and other geolocations, which are among the common breeding sites for Anopheles mosquitoes in Gulu district of Northern Uganda. Our hypothesis was that by integrating real time, scaled up, sentinel site, spectral signature, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone imagery with satellite data using geospatial artificial intelligence [geo-AI] infused into an iOS application (app), a local, vector control officer could retrieve a ranked list of visually similar, breeding site, aquatic foci of An.gambiae s.l. arabiensis s.s. fuentsus s.s. mosquitoes, and their respective district-level, capture point, GPS indexed, centroid coordinates. We real time retrieved (hence, no lag time between seasonal, aquatic, Anopheles, larval habitat, mapping and treatment of foci) each georeferenced sentinel site signature which was subsequently archived in the drone dashboard spectral library using the smartphone app. Each georeferenced, UAV sensed, capture point was inspected using a mobile field team (i.e., trained local village residents led by a vector control officer) on the same day the habitats were geo-AI signature mapped, spatially forecasted and treated. A second hypothesis was that a real time, environmentally friendly, habitat alteration [i.e., Macro S&D] could reduce vector larval habitat density and blood parasite levels in treated and not suspected malaria patients at an entomological intervention site. A third hypothesis was: timely malaria diagnosis and treatment [Micro S&D] is associated with low population parasitemia and lower malaria incidences. In 31 days post-Macro S&D intervention, there was zero vector density, indoor, adult, female, Anopheles count as ascertained by pyrethrum spray catch at the intervention site. After a mean average of 62 days, blood parasite levels revealed a mean 0 count in timely diagnosed suspected and treated malaria patients. Implementing a real time Macro and Micro S&D intervention tool along with other existing tools [insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying of insecticides (IRS)] in an entomological district-level intervention site can lower seasonal malaria prevalence either through timely modification of aquatic, Anopheles, larval habitats or through precisely targeted larvicide interventions.
| Published in | American Journal of Entomology (Volume 5, Issue 4) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.aje.20210504.11 |
| Page(s) | 92-109 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Drone, Seek and Destroy, ArcGIS, Artificial Intelligence iOS, Anopheles
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APA Style
Benjamin George Jacob, Denis Loum, Martha Kaddumukasa, Joseph Kamgno, Hugues Nana Djeunga, et al. (2021). Geospatial Artificial Intelligence Infused into a Smartphone Drone Application for Implementing 'Seek and Destroy' in Uganda. American Journal of Entomology, 5(4), 92-109. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20210504.11
ACS Style
Benjamin George Jacob; Denis Loum; Martha Kaddumukasa; Joseph Kamgno; Hugues Nana Djeunga, et al. Geospatial Artificial Intelligence Infused into a Smartphone Drone Application for Implementing 'Seek and Destroy' in Uganda. Am. J. Entomol. 2021, 5(4), 92-109. doi: 10.11648/j.aje.20210504.11
AMA Style
Benjamin George Jacob, Denis Loum, Martha Kaddumukasa, Joseph Kamgno, Hugues Nana Djeunga, et al. Geospatial Artificial Intelligence Infused into a Smartphone Drone Application for Implementing 'Seek and Destroy' in Uganda. Am J Entomol. 2021;5(4):92-109. doi: 10.11648/j.aje.20210504.11
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author = {Benjamin George Jacob and Denis Loum and Martha Kaddumukasa and Joseph Kamgno and Hugues Nana Djeunga and André Domche and Philip Nwane and Joseph Mwangangi and Santiago Hernandez Bojorge and Jeegan Parikh and Jesse Casanova and Ricardo Izureta and Edwin Micheal and Thomas Mason and Alfred Mubangizi},
title = {Geospatial Artificial Intelligence Infused into a Smartphone Drone Application for Implementing 'Seek and Destroy' in Uganda},
journal = {American Journal of Entomology},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages = {92-109},
doi = {10.11648/j.aje.20210504.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20210504.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aje.20210504.11},
abstract = {This study provided important insights into new, real time, control measures at reducing larval, vector density [Macro Seek and Destroy (S&D) and blood parasite level [Micro S&D] in a malaria treated and suspected intervened population. Initially, this study employed a low-cost (Anopheles mosquitoes in Gulu district of Northern Uganda. Our hypothesis was that by integrating real time, scaled up, sentinel site, spectral signature, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone imagery with satellite data using geospatial artificial intelligence [geo-AI] infused into an iOS application (app), a local, vector control officer could retrieve a ranked list of visually similar, breeding site, aquatic foci of An.gambiae s.l. arabiensis s.s. fuentsus s.s. mosquitoes, and their respective district-level, capture point, GPS indexed, centroid coordinates. We real time retrieved (hence, no lag time between seasonal, aquatic, Anopheles, larval habitat, mapping and treatment of foci) each georeferenced sentinel site signature which was subsequently archived in the drone dashboard spectral library using the smartphone app. Each georeferenced, UAV sensed, capture point was inspected using a mobile field team (i.e., trained local village residents led by a vector control officer) on the same day the habitats were geo-AI signature mapped, spatially forecasted and treated. A second hypothesis was that a real time, environmentally friendly, habitat alteration [i.e., Macro S&D] could reduce vector larval habitat density and blood parasite levels in treated and not suspected malaria patients at an entomological intervention site. A third hypothesis was: timely malaria diagnosis and treatment [Micro S&D] is associated with low population parasitemia and lower malaria incidences. In 31 days post-Macro S&D intervention, there was zero vector density, indoor, adult, female, Anopheles count as ascertained by pyrethrum spray catch at the intervention site. After a mean average of 62 days, blood parasite levels revealed a mean 0 count in timely diagnosed suspected and treated malaria patients. Implementing a real time Macro and Micro S&D intervention tool along with other existing tools [insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying of insecticides (IRS)] in an entomological district-level intervention site can lower seasonal malaria prevalence either through timely modification of aquatic, Anopheles, larval habitats or through precisely targeted larvicide interventions.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Geospatial Artificial Intelligence Infused into a Smartphone Drone Application for Implementing 'Seek and Destroy' in Uganda AU - Benjamin George Jacob AU - Denis Loum AU - Martha Kaddumukasa AU - Joseph Kamgno AU - Hugues Nana Djeunga AU - André Domche AU - Philip Nwane AU - Joseph Mwangangi AU - Santiago Hernandez Bojorge AU - Jeegan Parikh AU - Jesse Casanova AU - Ricardo Izureta AU - Edwin Micheal AU - Thomas Mason AU - Alfred Mubangizi Y1 - 2021/11/05 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20210504.11 DO - 10.11648/j.aje.20210504.11 T2 - American Journal of Entomology JF - American Journal of Entomology JO - American Journal of Entomology SP - 92 EP - 109 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2640-0537 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20210504.11 AB - This study provided important insights into new, real time, control measures at reducing larval, vector density [Macro Seek and Destroy (S&D) and blood parasite level [Micro S&D] in a malaria treated and suspected intervened population. Initially, this study employed a low-cost (Anopheles mosquitoes in Gulu district of Northern Uganda. Our hypothesis was that by integrating real time, scaled up, sentinel site, spectral signature, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone imagery with satellite data using geospatial artificial intelligence [geo-AI] infused into an iOS application (app), a local, vector control officer could retrieve a ranked list of visually similar, breeding site, aquatic foci of An.gambiae s.l. arabiensis s.s. fuentsus s.s. mosquitoes, and their respective district-level, capture point, GPS indexed, centroid coordinates. We real time retrieved (hence, no lag time between seasonal, aquatic, Anopheles, larval habitat, mapping and treatment of foci) each georeferenced sentinel site signature which was subsequently archived in the drone dashboard spectral library using the smartphone app. Each georeferenced, UAV sensed, capture point was inspected using a mobile field team (i.e., trained local village residents led by a vector control officer) on the same day the habitats were geo-AI signature mapped, spatially forecasted and treated. A second hypothesis was that a real time, environmentally friendly, habitat alteration [i.e., Macro S&D] could reduce vector larval habitat density and blood parasite levels in treated and not suspected malaria patients at an entomological intervention site. A third hypothesis was: timely malaria diagnosis and treatment [Micro S&D] is associated with low population parasitemia and lower malaria incidences. In 31 days post-Macro S&D intervention, there was zero vector density, indoor, adult, female, Anopheles count as ascertained by pyrethrum spray catch at the intervention site. After a mean average of 62 days, blood parasite levels revealed a mean 0 count in timely diagnosed suspected and treated malaria patients. Implementing a real time Macro and Micro S&D intervention tool along with other existing tools [insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying of insecticides (IRS)] in an entomological district-level intervention site can lower seasonal malaria prevalence either through timely modification of aquatic, Anopheles, larval habitats or through precisely targeted larvicide interventions. VL - 5 IS - 4 ER -
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