-
Study on Population Fluctuation of Thrips tabaci (L.) on Cluster Cultivars in Ultra Narrow System in the Field’s Cotton Golestan Province of Iran
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
46-49
Received:
14 April 2021
Accepted:
11 May 2021
Published:
31 May 2021
Abstract: In the planting system, very narrow row spacing with spacing of rows between 20 and 40 cm is considered. This planting method increases production. Experiments to study and compare the population thrips on 3 cluster variety and one check cultivar, using the method of narrow planting distance of 20 × 20 and 20 × 80 cm in the form of factorial design in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in Hashemabad cotton research station in Gorgan during the two years 2018-2019 was evaluated. Statistics of different stages of the thrips pest it was recorded weekly in the tested treatments and recorded in special tables. Based on studies the results of combined analysis of variance show that the yield in the cultivars tested in Sajedi® cultivar with a distance of 80 cm with an average yield of 1696 gr in the plot and Golestan® cultivar 80 cm with 1622.9 gr in the plot with the highest yield and T2® cultivar with a distance of 20 cm, 847.2 gr in plot had the lowest yield. Infestation rate of cluster cultivars tested in very narrow cultivation thrips population density in Golestan® cultivars with a distance of 80 cm and Sajedi® with a distance of 20 cm, 1.723 thrips per leaf with the most infestation and Golestan® cultivar with a distance of 20 cm, 1.388 thrips least infestation was measured in leaves. Therefore Golestan® cultivar with an average yield and thrips population infestation, the lowest cotton cultivation in agriculture ultra-narrow row 20 centimeters had in the cotton fields.
Abstract: In the planting system, very narrow row spacing with spacing of rows between 20 and 40 cm is considered. This planting method increases production. Experiments to study and compare the population thrips on 3 cluster variety and one check cultivar, using the method of narrow planting distance of 20 × 20 and 20 × 80 cm in the form of factorial design...
Show More
-
Trace Element Levels in the Serum of Hermann´s Tortoises (Testudo hermanni)
Hanna Katrin Stephan,
Tina Hollandt,
Sabine Oefner,
Sebastien Caron,
Jean Marie Ballouard,
Sven Reese,
Yuri Zablotski,
Petra Koelle
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
50-55
Received:
7 May 2021
Accepted:
21 May 2021
Published:
3 June 2021
Abstract: Up to now, blood reference values for trace elements (zinc, copper, iodine, iron, selenium and manganese) in the serum of Testudo spp. have not been established. Most studies concerning trace element levels in blood of reptile’s regard environmental pollution esp. concerning selenium. In the present study levels of iron, copper, iodine, zinc, selenium and manganese were evaluated in 130 blood samples of clinically healthy Hermann´s Tortoises (Testudo hermanni), originating from pet tortoises in Germany (n= 64), extensively kept captive-hatched tortoises from Turkey (n=20), and from free-ranging specimens of two locations in France (n=46). The French habitats differ in the nature of the soils, one being low in lime and another high in lime. The levels of trace elements in the blood were compared between the different groups and to the levels of trace elements in the respective feed rations resp. food plants. The aim was to check the correlation between origin, husbandry, feeding and sex on the levels of trace elements in the blood. Blood levels of trace elements, regardless of origin, gender, or diet, generally showed a wide range. Also there existed a poor correlation to contents in diet concerning iron, selenium, and manganese, but a statistically significant correlation to zinc, copper and iodine. Preliminary reference values of zinc, iodine and copper can be a useful tool to diagnose nutrient deficiencies, poisoning and deficiency symptoms in Testudo hermanni.
Abstract: Up to now, blood reference values for trace elements (zinc, copper, iodine, iron, selenium and manganese) in the serum of Testudo spp. have not been established. Most studies concerning trace element levels in blood of reptile’s regard environmental pollution esp. concerning selenium. In the present study levels of iron, copper, iodine, zinc, selen...
Show More
-
Immunogenicity and Efficacy Study on Newcastle Disease Vaccine Using Many Adjuvants and Chitosan Nanoparticles
Abdelmhmoud Atalmanan Abdelsadig,
Sobhi Ahmed Mohammed Khair,
Abdelgadir Ballal Mohamed,
Tageldin Abdulla Mohamed Nour
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
56-64
Received:
4 April 2021
Accepted:
3 May 2021
Published:
7 June 2021
Abstract: To potentiate the immune responses of the Newcastle Disease vaccine, many adjuvants such as, Saponin, Paraffin oil, sunflower oil, Nigella Sativa oil, and Chitosan Nanoparticles “CHNPs”, were prepared with live and inactivated I-2 vaccines. The formulated vaccines were tested for their biological and physical characteristics, including sterility, safety, Immunogenicity protective efficacy, protein estimation for CHNPs, and the completion of the emulsification. The protein concentrations of pre and post encapsulation for CHNPs were 0.23g/100 ml and 0.065g/100 ml respectively. The encapsulation efficiency was 71.7%. To test the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy, a 180 white leghorn day-old-chicks divided randomly in to 9 groups of A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I, a 20 chicks for each. Group A (Saponin + Iinactivated I-2), group B (Paraffin oil + Iinactivated I-2), group C (CH-NPs+ Inactivated I-2), group D (Saponin + Live + Inactivated), group E (Nigella Sativa oil+Live I-2), group F (Sunflower oil + Live I-2), group G (Saponin+Live I-2) each groups from A to G simultaneously and inrtaocularly (I/O) inoculated with 107 EID50 I-2 live vaccine. Group H (control group I) received only (Saponin+Inactivated), group I (control group II) received the placebo (Normal Saline) control group, in this group only 5 chicks out of 20 inoculated I/O with 106 EID50 of live I-2, and the remaining chicks were left unvaccinated. There was no evidence for bacterial growth for the tested and control groups, nor post vaccination reactions neither ND clinical signs observed (except for Nigella Sativa oil). Immunogenicity was estimated using ELISA test. The highest Abs mean titer was for group E While the lowest Abs mean titer was for group C. Mean values were analyzed using one way analysis of variance test (ANOVA). Mean Differences were considered to be statistically significant at P<.05. The nine comparisons were associated with statistically insignificant effect (P > .05). Groups A, B, C, D, and H challenged via mixing with clinically ill chickens for 14 days. The highest protection level was 90% for group D, while the lowest protection 50% was for group B (Paraffin oil+ Inactivated).
Abstract: To potentiate the immune responses of the Newcastle Disease vaccine, many adjuvants such as, Saponin, Paraffin oil, sunflower oil, Nigella Sativa oil, and Chitosan Nanoparticles “CHNPs”, were prepared with live and inactivated I-2 vaccines. The formulated vaccines were tested for their biological and physical characteristics, including sterility, s...
Show More
-
Gastro-intestinal Tract Nematodes of Small Ruminants: Prevalence and Their Identification in and Around Alage, Southern Ethiopia
Nebyou Moje,
Alemayehu Gurmesa,
Geda Regassa
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
65-72
Received:
1 April 2021
Accepted:
7 June 2021
Published:
15 June 2021
Abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted in small ruminants kept under extensive management system in and around Alage Agricultural Technical Vocational Educational and Training (ATVET) College from October to May, 2018/19. The objectives were set to estimate the prevalence and types of recovered parasites at genus level and assessment of their association with the animal risk factors. A total of 310 randomly collected fecal samples of small ruminants (206 goats and 104 sheep) were examined by simple floatation. In the study area, the overall prevalence of GIT nematodes in small ruminants was 79.68% (247/310). Species specific prevalence of GIT nematode was 78.2% (161/206) and 82.7% (86/104), goats and sheep, respectively. The result showed the existence of single as well as mixed parasitic infections. Accordingly, higher proportion of Haemonchus in sheep (33.72%) and Trichostrongylus in goats (31.1%) represent single infections while Haemonchus with Trichostrongylus in sheep (5.8%), and Trichostrongylus with Oesophagostomum in goats (4.35%) weremixed parasitic infections. Conversely, Bunostomum and Trichuris appeared to be the lowestin proportions in goats (3.73%) and sheep (2.33%) as a single infection whereas Haemonchus with Bunostomum in goats (0.62%) and Trichostrongylus with Bunostomum in sheep (1.2%), as mixed parasitic infections. Analysis of risk factors (species, age, sex and body condition score) revealed that only sex and BCS had significant association with occurrence of parasitic infection (p < 0.05).. Accordingly, females and those with poor BCS were more likely to have parasitic burden than others (p< 0.05). However, rest of risk factors (species and age group) had no statistical association (p>0.05) for parasitic infection. In general, the occurrences of high prevalence of nematodes in the study area suggest that GI nematodes are major constraints for production and productivity of small ruminants. Therefore, application of strategic control measures is recommended to reduce the impact of nematodes in ruminants in the current area.
Abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted in small ruminants kept under extensive management system in and around Alage Agricultural Technical Vocational Educational and Training (ATVET) College from October to May, 2018/19. The objectives were set to estimate the prevalence and types of recovered parasites at genus level and assessment of their associ...
Show More
-
Structure of the Midgut of the Queen Bee Apis mellifera L. Naturally Infected with Sacbrood virus (SBV)
Iurii Kovalskyi,
Vasylyna Fedak,
Lidiya Kovalska,
Andrii Druzhbiak,
Yaroslav Vovkun
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
73-79
Received:
4 May 2021
Accepted:
31 May 2021
Published:
25 June 2021
Abstract: Bees and their larvae are susceptible to various viral diseases, which leads to disruption of the bee family, and sometimes to its death. The Sacbrood virus is especially dangerous for the bee family. Sick families differ sharply in their condition and productivity from healthy ones, develop slowly in the spring, and grow little brood. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify physiological changes in the intestines of mature uteruses affected by Sacbrood virus or SBV disease. Histological examinations supplemented the data on the pathogenesis of honey bees affected by Sacbrood virus. Data on physiological and morphological changes in the middle part of the intestine of fertile queens are presented. Histological examinations were performed in different parts of the midgut. In patients of queens, in comparison with clinically healthy ones, changes in the function of the pertrophic membrane were revealed. An increase in the length of the midgut fold in the anterior part of the intestine by 23% (p<0.001) was detected. Under the influence of pathogenicity of the virus there is an intensive proliferation of enterocytes in the middle part of the intestine. The defeat of the structural components of the mucosa is evidenced by the absence of a peretrophic membrane in the caudal direction of the midgut of diseased queens where necrotic lesions of the mucous membrane up to the basement membrane were detected.
Abstract: Bees and their larvae are susceptible to various viral diseases, which leads to disruption of the bee family, and sometimes to its death. The Sacbrood virus is especially dangerous for the bee family. Sick families differ sharply in their condition and productivity from healthy ones, develop slowly in the spring, and grow little brood. Therefore, t...
Show More
-
Qualitative Risk Analysis of IBR Introduction to Ethiopia via the Legal Importation of Bulls from Netherlands
Hagos Asgedom,
Kuastros Mekonnen Belaynehe
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
80-87
Received:
23 April 2021
Accepted:
15 June 2021
Published:
29 June 2021
Abstract: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild cattle causing high economic loss in cattle industry. The disease is caused by bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1). BHV-1 is distributed worldwide including the exporting country Netherlands except it has been eradicated from Austria, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Switzerland and Norway. To know the status of the disease in Ethiopia, 1430 sera samples were collected starting from January 3- 26, 2016 from four regions. However, samples are not yet processed. As part of the genetic improvement of the local breeds, the ministry of livestock and fishery of Ethiopia has already decided to import 120 bulls in March 2016 for semen production. Before the importation this bulls, an import risk assessment of IBR/IPB was conducted with the objective of assessing the risk of introduction of BHV1 to Ethiopia through the importation of infected bulls from Netherlands. Hence, hazard identification conclusion revealed the introduction of BHV1 or its abortifacient strains are regarded as potential hazards. Following the entry of infected bulls, the likelihood establishment and transmission of IBR to formerly imported breed and indigenous cattle was indicated to be high. The overall likelihood occurrence of IBR following the importation of infected bulls was assessed to be high. Potentially exotic strains of bovine herpes viruses would cause significant health impact in susceptible cattle including illness, abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death and calf mortality thereby leading to high economic losses in cattle industry. However there would little effect on people and environment. The overall level of consequence of IBR was assessed to be minor. In general, the overall risk of IBR occurrence following the importation of infected bull was estimated from moderate to high. However, this risk can be mitigated if bulls intended for importation are sourced from IBR/IPB free country and healthy check-up and detection capacity of infected animals at entry point of Ethiopia is intensified, the awareness of animal health workers and farm owners about IBR is raised with enhanced surveillance system and diagnostic capacity of the BHV1 in the importing country.
Abstract: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild cattle causing high economic loss in cattle industry. The disease is caused by bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1). BHV-1 is distributed worldwide including the exporting country Netherlands except it has been eradicat...
Show More
