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Assessments and Identification of Major Weed of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in West Shoa and East Wollega Zones, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, April 2022
Pages:
51-56
Received:
24 December 2021
Accepted:
13 January 2022
Published:
18 March 2022
Abstract: Hot pepper is the most important vegetable crop belonging to the family Solanaceae and grown as a spice crop in different parts of the world. Hot pepper is one of the important cash crops to Ethiopian smallholder farmers and an important agricultural commodity which contributes to export earnings. Peppers cultivation in the field are subject to biotic and abiotic factors effects that influence the yield. Weeds emerge fast and grow rapidly competing with the crop for growth resources viz., nutrients, moisture, sunlight and space during entire vegetative and early reproductive stages of hot pepper. there is a dire need of identification major hot pepper weed in the study area for develop management option and this activity was initiated to assess and identify distribution and status of major hot pepper weeds in the study area. The weed survey was conducted in West Shoa and East Wollega Zones of Oromia Reginal state during 2020 main cropping season. The weed Survey was conducted to assess Abundance, Dominance and Frequency of major Hot pepper weeds. Kebeles were randomly selected from each District and based on the representativeness of hot pepper production of the area. Weed survey was performed along two diagonals (“X” pattern) of a five points field of 1m x 1m (1 m2) quadrates. A total of 46 weed fields were surveyed from Hot Pepper farms of Ilu Galan, Bako Tibe, Sibu Sire and Boneya Boshe Districts. From study fields 15 weed family and 39 weed species were recorded and identified. The assessments result also showed that, Broad leaf weeds dominate over grass and sedge weed species. 76.92% broad leaf, 17.95% grass types, and 5.13% sedge types from a total of 39 weed species of hot pepper farm fields. The occurrence of each weed species ranged from 2.78 up to 97.22% while the dominance value ranged from 0.3% up to 28%. The most common and prevailing weed was Ageratum conyzoides L. and Guizotia scarab in hot pepper field. Hence when developing a weed management approach in the future, different weed controlling options must be planed next coming years, toward those major Weed families and species; especially broad leaf weed.
Abstract: Hot pepper is the most important vegetable crop belonging to the family Solanaceae and grown as a spice crop in different parts of the world. Hot pepper is one of the important cash crops to Ethiopian smallholder farmers and an important agricultural commodity which contributes to export earnings. Peppers cultivation in the field are subject to bio...
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Assessments of Distribution and Status of Major Disease of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in West Shoa and East Wollega Zones, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, April 2022
Pages:
57-63
Received:
12 January 2022
Accepted:
7 February 2022
Published:
18 March 2022
Abstract: Hot pepper crop is native to Latin America and belongs to the family Solanceae. The exact time for the introduction of pepper to Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular is not known. In Ethiopia hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) is an economically and traditionally vital crop, and for most Ethiopians food is tasteless without hot pepper. Despite the importance of hot pepper in Ethiopia, total crop failure due to diseases has been common and sometimes farmers are forced to abandon their production due to excessive disease pressure in the field. This activity was initiated to determine the relative occurrence, distribution and status of hot pepper disease across study area. The disease Survey was conducted to assess the prevalence, incidence and severity of major disease of Hot pepper. The survey was conducted in 32 Kebeles and 46 farms in the four Districts of the two Zones. Kebele were randomly selected from each District and based on the representativeness of hot peppet production of the area. The disease survey was done along the two diagonals (in an “X” fashion) of the field from five points using 1m x 1m (1 m2) quadrates. The assessment was done for disease prevalence, incidence and severity hot pepper. The data collected from the survey was checked completeness and analyzed using SPSS software used to summarized. Six diseases of hot pepper, Fusarium wilt, Cercospra leaf spot, Bacterial leaf spot, Bacteria soft rot, and Anthracnose diseases were assessed in the farms field. The importance of each disease was determined by calculating the prevalance, incidence and severity values. The incidence of individual disease of hot pepper fusarium, cercospora leaf spot, Bacterial leaf spot and anthracnose highest scored 65%, 90.31%, 76.33% and 39.5 while the severit value 65%, 43.65%, 32% and 24 respectively. Thus, when developing a hot pepper disease control strategy in the future, different disease management options required.
Abstract: Hot pepper crop is native to Latin America and belongs to the family Solanceae. The exact time for the introduction of pepper to Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular is not known. In Ethiopia hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) is an economically and traditionally vital crop, and for most Ethiopians food is tasteless without hot pepper. Despite th...
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Mutation Breeding and Its Importance in Modern Plant Breeding
Werkissa Yali,
Takele Mitiku
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, April 2022
Pages:
64-70
Received:
18 January 2022
Accepted:
15 February 2022
Published:
23 March 2022
Abstract: Mutations occur as a result of alterations in DNA or during the replication/cell division process. For agricultural development, plant breeding necessitates genetic variety of valuable features. Multiple mutant alleles, on the other hand, constitute a source of genetic variety for crop breeding and, in many cases, functional investigation of the targeted gene. Plant breeding can only improve when the breeder has access to enough variation for a particular trait. Any change in an organism's DNA that is not caused by normal recombination and segregation is referred to as a mutation. Exposure to mutagenic agents such as radiation or certain chemicals, as well as faults made during normal cell division and replication, are all possible causes. The first breeding successes were achieved by utilizing spontaneous (naturally occurring) mutations. The most well-known example is the use of semi-dwarf wheat and rice mutants during the 'Green Revolution.' Induced mutagenesis is becoming increasingly popular in plant molecular biology as a method for identifying and isolating genes, as well as studying their structure and function. Molecular mutation breeding is ushering in a new era of crop enhancement mutation breeding. In the coming years and decades, mutation breeding will play a vital role in crop improvement and resolving concerns related to global food security. As a result, the goal of this review paper is to evaluate the function of mutant breeding in crop development and how it might be used.
Abstract: Mutations occur as a result of alterations in DNA or during the replication/cell division process. For agricultural development, plant breeding necessitates genetic variety of valuable features. Multiple mutant alleles, on the other hand, constitute a source of genetic variety for crop breeding and, in many cases, functional investigation of the ta...
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Haploids and Doubled Haploid Technology Application in Modern Plant Breeding
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, April 2022
Pages:
71-75
Received:
27 January 2022
Accepted:
23 February 2022
Published:
23 March 2022
Abstract: Plant breeding, genetics, and genetic engineering all benefit from the use of doubled haploids technology. For genetic mapping of complicated phenotypes, the doubled haploid technique is a useful tool. To make doubled haploids, haploid cells (which are genetically unstable in the first place) can duplicate their genome at any point during their growth, resulting in diploid cells that don't require any additional therapies. The use of doubled haploidy in breeding is influenced by a variety of circumstances. Doubled haploids (DHs) are exploited in a variety of ways, depending on available technologies and species. In horticultural crops that are perennial in nature, outcrossing with inbreeding depression, or have high economic value where breeding time is critical, doubled haploids are gaining popularity as a powerful approach for enhancing genetic gain per cycle. For various reasons, the current methods for producing haploids and doubled haploids are primarily focused on the rapid generation of pure lines to speed hybrid seed production or CMS conversion, as well as the production of di-haploids to simplify breeding operations, such as in the case of potatoes. These approaches involve using methods based primarily on in vitro culture, in vivo induction of haploid development, or a combination of the two to make haploid embryos in vivo and then rescue them in vitro. Generally the aim of this review paper is to assess the technology of haploids, double haploids and their role in modern crop improvement program.
Abstract: Plant breeding, genetics, and genetic engineering all benefit from the use of doubled haploids technology. For genetic mapping of complicated phenotypes, the doubled haploid technique is a useful tool. To make doubled haploids, haploid cells (which are genetically unstable in the first place) can duplicate their genome at any point during their gro...
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Review on the Importance and Breeding History of Spider Plant (Gynandropsisgynandra (L.) Briq.)
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, April 2022
Pages:
76-85
Received:
24 February 2022
Accepted:
31 March 2022
Published:
14 April 2022
Abstract: Climate change is the most dangerous and existing in every of the world including where whether suitable for live or not. Before, a century the headache of climate change impact is very low and focused on industrialization. As economy and civilization rising up, the population number double, tripled or dramatically increased in developing countries with less family planning technology. The fuel of climate change is over population, less improved conservation technology and less climate smart legacy. Several developed countries reached adaptation strategy than mitigation, while in developing countries challenging with mitigation, and even awareness creation about the climate change. Thus, orphan crops conservation and cultivation practices plays significant role in to overcome the challenge may happened due to climate change such as genetic erosion adaptation problems and technology development. Spider plant is very smart crop majorly found in different African countries of orphan species. It is used for several problems and exceptional characters. It is uses as sources of food, income, medicinal values, and more adapted at low moisture areas by escaping with methods of short life span and high water use efficiency. However, the improvements activities through breeding and agronomic practices still very on infant stage. Therefore, this review gives some importance of the crop, its history of improvements and future opportunity to improve the spider plant.
Abstract: Climate change is the most dangerous and existing in every of the world including where whether suitable for live or not. Before, a century the headache of climate change impact is very low and focused on industrialization. As economy and civilization rising up, the population number double, tripled or dramatically increased in developing countries...
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