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Research Article
Effective Observation on Treating Heart Water of the Syndrome of Yang Deficiency and Water Flooding with the Qiangxin Concentrated Decoction
Yongqiang He*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
54-58
Received:
18 March 2026
Accepted:
3 May 2026
Published:
15 May 2026
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Qiangxin concentrated decoction combined with conventional western medicine in the treatment of patients with heart water disease (syndrome of yang deficiency and water flooding). Methods: A total of 81 patients from April 2024 to June 2025 were enrolled and randomly divided into the experimental group (treated with Qiangxin concentrated decoction+conventional treatment) and the control group (treated with conventional treatment). The treatment course lasted for 2 weeks. The TCM syndrome scores, cardiac function indicators (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], brain natriuretic peptide [BNP]), degree of edema and safety indicators were observed. Results: The total effective rate in the experimental group was 85.37%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (60.00%) (P<0.05). The improvement in LVEF (47.49±4.18% vs 44.88±6.07%), the cardiac function classification (2.90±0.37 vs 3.10±0.38), the 6MWT (337.39±65.14m vs 304.98±60.59m), and the decrease in NT-proBNP (5905.66±3827.84 vs 11067.53±6898.61pg/mL) were all superior to those in the control group (P<0.05). No serious adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion: Qiangxin concentrated decoction can effectively improve the cardiac function and edema symptoms of patients with heart water disease of the syndrome of yang deficiency and water flooding, and has good safety.
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Qiangxin concentrated decoction combined with conventional western medicine in the treatment of patients with heart water disease (syndrome of yang deficiency and water flooding). Methods: A total of 81 patients from April 2024 to June 2025 were enrolled and randomly divided into the experi...
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Research Article
Enhancing Social Accountability in Health Systems:
The Case of the Opinion Box Initiative in Madhukhali Upazila Health Complex, Bangladesh
Md. Faridul Julfiker*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
59-65
Received:
13 January 2026
Accepted:
23 January 2026
Published:
28 May 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sd.20261403.12
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Abstract: Social accountability has become a critical component of health system governance, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where gaps in service quality, transparency, and citizen engagement persist. In Bangladesh, despite notable progress in maternal and newborn health outcomes, institutional mechanisms that enable citizens to voice concerns and influence service delivery at the facility level remain limited. This study examines the Opinion Box Initiative implemented at the Madhukhali Upazila Health Complex in Faridpur District in Bangladesh as a practical social accountability mechanism embedded within the public health system. The purpose of this study is to explore how a simple, low-cost feedback tool can enhance institutional responsiveness, provider accountability, and community trust in a primary healthcare setting. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through document review, field observations, semi-structured interviews with healthcare providers, facility managers, and community members, and review of Quality Improvement Committee meeting records. The data were thematically analyzed to assess the processes, outcomes, and governance implications of the initiative. Findings indicate that the Opinion Box Initiative created a structured and confidential platform for citizen feedback, particularly benefiting women and marginalized service users. The regular review of feedback through institutional committees contributed to tangible improvements in cleanliness, waiting times, provider behavior, and service utilization. The initiative also strengthened communication between service providers and the community, fostered a culture of transparency, and reinforced leadership accountability at the facility level. The study concludes that social accountability mechanisms, when embedded within existing governance and quality improvement structures and supported by facility leadership, can significantly enhance responsiveness and trust in public health services. The Madhukhali experience demonstrates that simple participatory tools can generate meaningful institutional change and offers policy-relevant lessons for scaling similar approaches within primary healthcare systems in Bangladesh and other resource-constrained settings.
Abstract: Social accountability has become a critical component of health system governance, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where gaps in service quality, transparency, and citizen engagement persist. In Bangladesh, despite notable progress in maternal and newborn health outcomes, institutional mechanisms that enable citizens to voice conce...
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Research Article
Forward-looking Visions Sustainability of Green
Energy-based Learning
Heba Tawfiqe Abu Eyadah*,
Anas Adnan Odibat
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
66-77
Received:
14 January 2026
Accepted:
30 January 2026
Published:
28 May 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sd.20261403.13
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Abstract: This study aimed to provide future insights into the sustainability of clean energy-based learning. It employed a rigorous descriptive methodology, compiling relevant studies and literature on green energy and sustainability for the period 2024-2026. This involved an inductive, exploratory, and evaluative analysis. Based on the researchers' perspectives, the study developed future visions. The findings revealed that transforming educational institutions into green schools is a significant challenge requiring intensive efforts and local, national, and international partnerships. Based on multiple studies, this research identifies key challenges and potential solutions that can leverage renewable energy sources. The study recommends accelerating the implementation of renewable energy solutions, such as solar panels, in educational institutions to improve energy efficiency and ensure the sustainability of operational processes. These initiatives should encompass all educational levels, from schools to universities, with financial and technical support from governments and civil society organizations.
Abstract: This study aimed to provide future insights into the sustainability of clean energy-based learning. It employed a rigorous descriptive methodology, compiling relevant studies and literature on green energy and sustainability for the period 2024-2026. This involved an inductive, exploratory, and evaluative analysis. Based on the researchers' perspec...
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Review Article
The Impacts of Regulatory and Litigation Challenges on Auditors: A Systematic Literature Review
Morris Leonard Mwakapemba*,
Muh Fadhil Ramadhan,
Aliya Hasna Noor Hafiza,
Agus Widarsono
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
78-89
Received:
6 January 2026
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
28 May 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sd.20261403.14
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Abstract: This systematic literature review examines the impact of regulatory and litigation challenges on auditors and audit quality. In recent decades, corporate scandals and regulatory reforms have intensified oversight of the auditing profession, increasing both compliance requirements and legal exposure for auditors. The purpose of this study is to synthesize existing empirical evidence on how regulatory pressure and litigation risk influence auditor behavior, audit processes, and overall audit quality. Using a systematic review methodology, relevant studies published between 2010 and 2025 were identified from major academic databases. An initial sample of 250 articles was collected. Following the PRISMA screening and eligibility criteria, 20 high-quality studies were selected for final analysis and synthesis. The findings indicate that increased regulatory requirements have generally enhanced audit quality by strengthening accountability, documentation practices, and professional skepticism. However, these benefits are accompanied by higher compliance costs, increased auditor workload, and elevated levels of professional stress. In addition, litigation risk significantly influences auditor behavior, encouraging conservative reporting, expanded audit procedures, higher audit fees, and greater risk-avoidance in client acceptance decisions. While such defensive auditing practices may reduce audit failure risk, they can also limit auditor independence and efficiency. The review also identifies notable gaps in existing literature, particularly the lack of longitudinal studies and limited research focused on emerging markets. The study concludes that while regulation and litigation play a critical role in improving audit quality, policymakers should adopt balanced and supportive regulatory frameworks that enhance effectiveness without imposing excessive administrative or legal burdens on auditors.
Abstract: This systematic literature review examines the impact of regulatory and litigation challenges on auditors and audit quality. In recent decades, corporate scandals and regulatory reforms have intensified oversight of the auditing profession, increasing both compliance requirements and legal exposure for auditors. The purpose of this study is to synt...
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Review Article
Free Public Services in the Criminal Law of Iran and Afghanistan
Abdul Matin Monib*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
90-99
Received:
23 December 2025
Accepted:
12 January 2026
Published:
28 May 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sd.20261403.15
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Abstract: Free Public Services is a punishment that requires participation in activities beneficial to the community, mandated by a court. The offender commits to this in order to compensate for damages or to support both primary and secondary victims, in accordance with the nature of the crime(s) committed. The emergence of this punishment in the criminal laws of Iran and Afghanistan is rooted in the decarceration movement, which began in response to the negative effects of imprisonment. Influenced by international developments, lawmakers in Iran and Afghanistan introduced the punishment of free public services for the first time through the 2013 Penal Code of Iran and the 2016 Penal Code of Afghanistan. This punishment is one of the alternative penalties to imprisonment in the criminal laws of both countries, with its substitutive nature being particularly emphasized. This new punishment applies to offenses and crimes under specific conditions and is not applicable to all offenders. One of the most important conditions for granting this punishment is the victim's forgiveness and the offender's consent. The requirement of the offender's consent in the execution of the punishment is an exceptional case that has been accepted for the first time in the criminal laws of both countries, indicating that the execution of free public services without the element of consent is impossible. This article examines the concepts, historical development, objectives, types, and conditions of free public services from a comparative perspective.
Abstract: Free Public Services is a punishment that requires participation in activities beneficial to the community, mandated by a court. The offender commits to this in order to compensate for damages or to support both primary and secondary victims, in accordance with the nature of the crime(s) committed. The emergence of this punishment in the criminal l...
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Research Article
Freedom as the Foundation of Legitimate Government According to John Locke and Its Relevance for Democracy in Indonesia
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
100-105
Received:
19 January 2026
Accepted:
9 February 2026
Published:
29 May 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sd.20261403.16
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Abstract: This paper examines the concept of freedom as the foundation of legitimate government according to John Locke and its relevance for strengthening democracy in Indonesia. Locke emphasizes freedom as a natural right inherent in human beings from the state of nature, possessing moral, rational, and political dimensions that function as the standard of political and moral legitimacy of government. Legitimacy is achieved solely through the consent of the governed; therefore, any exercise of power that violates the freedom of the people constitutes tyranny. The method employed in this study is library research combined with a philosophical hermeneutic approach. This paper highlights that Indonesian democracy continues to face a disparity between formal freedom and substantive freedom, characterized by oligarchic practices, money politics, and restrictions on public participation. The relevance of Locke’s thought is reflected in the necessity of the rule of law, the limitation of power, public accountability, and the strengthening of citizens’ deliberative capacities as rational subjects. By positioning freedom as an ethical and normative foundation, this study finds that Indonesian democracy can only be legitimate, just, and humane if it genuinely respects the moral autonomy of its citizens and establishes popular consent as the source of political legitimacy.
Abstract: This paper examines the concept of freedom as the foundation of legitimate government according to John Locke and its relevance for strengthening democracy in Indonesia. Locke emphasizes freedom as a natural right inherent in human beings from the state of nature, possessing moral, rational, and political dimensions that function as the standard of...
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Research Article
The Law of the Journey: Transit, Statelessness and Extraterritoriality in Helon Habila’s Travellers
Basit Olatunji*,
Misbau Alamu Lateef
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
106-112
Received:
19 December 2025
Accepted:
30 December 2025
Published:
29 May 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sd.20261403.17
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Abstract: This paper explores Helon Habila’s Travellers (2019) as a juridical allegory of migration through the concept of “the law of the journey.” Departing from the conventional linear migration narrative, Travellers constructs a mosaic of interconnected portraits that illuminate the lived realities of displacement, statelessness, and legal precarity in contemporary Europe. Drawing on Hannah Arendt’s notion of “the right to have rights” and Giorgio Agamben’s theorisation of “bare life,” the paper argues that Habila’s fiction demonstrates how migrants are simultaneously governed and excluded by law. Through its fragmented form, the novel mirrors the suspended temporality of transit and the invisibility produced by extraterritorial asylum regimes. Characters such as Manu, Mark, and Portia embody varying conditions of rightlessness, exposing the ethical and political contradictions of global mobility. By situating Travellers within both legal theory and contemporary Nigerian migrant fiction, the study reveals how literature interrogates the limits of human rights and national sovereignty. Ultimately, Habila’s work transforms fiction into a site of ethical encounter and resistance, insisting that recognition and belonging must travel with persons beyond borders. The paper concludes that Travellers reimagines the migrant journey as a legal and moral frontier, compelling individuals to confront the politics of exclusion and responsibility.
Abstract: This paper explores Helon Habila’s Travellers (2019) as a juridical allegory of migration through the concept of “the law of the journey.” Departing from the conventional linear migration narrative, Travellers constructs a mosaic of interconnected portraits that illuminate the lived realities of displacement, statelessness, and legal precarity in c...
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Research Article
Cybersecurity Awareness and Social Engineering Vulnerabilities Among Public Sector Employees in Saudi Arabia: An Empirical Assessment
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2026
Pages:
113-123
Received:
14 November 2025
Accepted:
6 January 2026
Published:
30 May 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sd.20261403.18
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Abstract: As cyber threats increasingly target human vulnerabilities, understanding behavioural and organisational factors is vital for strengthening resilience. This study investigates cybersecurity awareness and social engineering vulnerabilities among public sector employees in Saudi Arabia, a context characterised by rapid digital transformation and heightened exposure to cyber threats. Despite significant national investment in cybersecurity, human-centred vulnerabilities remain a dominant cause of security breaches. Drawing on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the study examines behavioural determinants of secure practices and evaluates the influence of organisational culture, policies, and training. A quantitative, positivist research design was employed, using a structured online survey distributed to public sector employees. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, t-tests, and regression modelling. Findings indicate that cybersecurity training, organisational policy clarity, and supportive organisational culture significantly enhance cybersecurity awareness, while notable gaps persist in recognising and responding to social engineering attacks such as phishing, pretexting, and baiting. The study provides empirical evidence on human-factor vulnerabilities within a critical national sector and highlights the need for continuous, context-specific training and policy reinforcement. Recommendations include adaptive awareness programmes, integration of simulated attack exercises, and alignment of organisational practices with established frameworks such as NIST SATE and HAIS-Q. The results support the development of resilient cybersecurity ecosystems within public institutions and advance an engineering-oriented understanding of socio-technical security risks.
Abstract: As cyber threats increasingly target human vulnerabilities, understanding behavioural and organisational factors is vital for strengthening resilience. This study investigates cybersecurity awareness and social engineering vulnerabilities among public sector employees in Saudi Arabia, a context characterised by rapid digital transformation and heig...
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