Research Article
Factors Interrelated to Declining Vision Among Diabetic Patients in Sudan
Khalil Ali Ibraheim*
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
1-6
Received:
8 December 2025
Accepted:
19 December 2025
Published:
7 January 2026
Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a significant global health issue, encompassing a range of heterogeneous disorders characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Diabetes is classified into two types: type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM). Diagnosis primarily relies on fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Investigating the causes of vision impairment in diabetes is crucial for reducing the rates of blindness. Therefore, implementing screening for early diagnosis is essential to delay complications. Methodology: This study is a prospective descriptive analysis conducted from May 15, 2025, to October 20, 2025. The study was conducted at Doctor Khalil Ophthalmology Clinic in El-Obeid, North Kordofan, Sudan. This study included all individuals with diabetes attending the clinic for follow-up (520 patients). We assessed their visual acuity and selected all patients with poor vision uncorrected by glasses or other means of correction. Results: This study analysed 120 diabetic patients with impaired vision, comprising 58% females and 42% males. The most common condition identified was diabetic retinopathy, affecting 55% of participants, followed by cataract at 54%, hypertension at 46%, glaucoma at 25%, and macular oedema at 17%. Three percent of the cases had newly discovered glaucoma and myopia, and three patients had macular holes. Retinal detachments, corneal ulcers, corneal opacities, and endophthalmitis were also observed. Conclusion: Vision impairment associated with diabetes is prevalent in Sudan, largely attributable to ongoing conflict, which has resulted in inadequate health services and a scarcity of medications for glycaemic control in various regions.
Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a significant global health issue, encompassing a range of heterogeneous disorders characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Diabetes is classified into two types: type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM). Diagnosis primarily relies on fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Investigating the causes of vis...
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Research Article
Electrolyte Imbalance in Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Report on Homoeopathic Management of Hyperglycemia-induced Hyponatremia
Ahsan Keepurath Asharaf*,
Rincy Kadavath,
Prajitha Ajithkumaran Pillai Prasannakumari
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
7-12
Received:
28 February 2026
Accepted:
16 March 2026
Published:
2 April 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijde.20261101.12
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Abstract: Hyponatremia is one of the most frequently encountered electrolyte abnormalities in clinical practice and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Among its various forms, hyperglycaemia-induced hyponatremia represents a unique and often reversible subtype characterized by a reduction in measured serum sodium concentration in the presence of elevated plasma glucose levels. This phenomenon is primarily driven by osmotic shifts of water from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment, resulting in dilutional hyponatremia rather than a true deficit of total body sodium. Hyperglycaemia itself is a frequently observed biochemical abnormality and may be detected incidentally during routine laboratory testing in asymptomatic individuals. It can also occur in situations that place increased demand on pancreatic β-cells, such as pregnancy, severe illness, or treatment with medications like corticosteroids, a condition commonly referred to as stress hyperglycaemia. In some cases, however, patients present with acute metabolic emergencies caused by uncontrolled hyperglycaemia, including diabetic ketoacidosis, which requires prompt medical intervention. Understanding the relationship between hyperglycaemia and hyponatremia is clinically important, as the reduction in serum sodium in these cases primarily reflects osmotic fluid shifts rather than actual sodium depletion. Consequently, management should focus on correcting the underlying hyperglycaemia, which typically leads to normalization of serum sodium levels. Recognizing this mechanism helps clinicians avoid unnecessary sodium replacement and guides appropriate treatment strategies for patients with diabetes presenting with electrolyte abnormalities.
Abstract: Hyponatremia is one of the most frequently encountered electrolyte abnormalities in clinical practice and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Among its various forms, hyperglycaemia-induced hyponatremia represents a unique and often reversible subtype characterized by a reduction in measured serum sodium concentration in the pre...
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