Research Article
Slipping of a Spherical Particle Through Peristaltic Curved Tube Filled with Non-newtonian Nanofluid
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
1-28
Received:
8 July 2025
Accepted:
26 January 2026
Published:
9 February 2026
Abstract: The slow motion of a solid spherical particle which is immersed in a non-Newtonian nanofluid and flowing through a curved peristaltic channel is studied. The more important physical application of this type of motion is the motion of clots through blood arteries and the motion gallstones in the bile duct. The biviscosity model is applied to represent the rheological property of the non-Newtonian fluid. Also, the biviscosity model is one of the most important models that can be considers to describe rheological properties of the blood flow and the other biological fluids in the human body. Also, the flow motion in the blood vessels and other vital vessels undergo peristaltic movement. So, this type of motion has many medical and biological applications. In the mathematical treatment, due to the symmetry of the flow channel, the stress tensor components of the biviscosity model are obtained twice. Firstly, in the polar coordinates due to the curvature of the channel. Secondly, due to the spherical coordinates for the spherical motion of the particle to obtain the general form of the stream function which represents the flow motion. The peristaltic motion is studied generally without the ordinary longwave approximation and without assuming the small value of Reynolds number. This gives more generalization to the results. The most important factor in this type of motion is the drag force that effect on the spherical body (clot or stone) motion in the vessel. So, the problem is solved analytically, and the drag force is obtained numerically. Also, the heat and the volume fraction distributions are obtained. The results illustrate that the existence of the nanoparticles reduces the drag force, which contributes to increasing the sliding motion of the spherical particle and contributes on removing the blood clot and stone through the vital vessel. Some other important parameters, which effects on the motion, are considered such as the radius ratio, curvature parameter, the wave speed, the wave amplitude, and the slip parameter. The results illustrated that the increase of the fluid viscosity enhances the friction force. Meanwhile, the Brownian motion of the nanoparticles enhances the flow motion which intern enhances the slipping motion of the particle.
Abstract: The slow motion of a solid spherical particle which is immersed in a non-Newtonian nanofluid and flowing through a curved peristaltic channel is studied. The more important physical application of this type of motion is the motion of clots through blood arteries and the motion gallstones in the bile duct. The biviscosity model is applied to represe...
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Research Article
A Systematic Literature Review: Quantum Key Distribution Networks: Challenges and Future Research Issues in Security
Abel Channie Demeke*
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
29-35
Received:
22 December 2025
Accepted:
13 January 2026
Published:
9 February 2026
Abstract: With the rapid advancement of quantum computing, traditional cryptographic techniques are at risk of devolution, necessitating quantum-resilient alternatives for future communication networks. This systematic literature review evaluates the role of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in enhancing the security of sixth-generation (6G) wireless communications. Employing the PRISMA methodology, 48 peer-reviewed studies published between 2016 and May 2025 were identified and analyzed. The review addresses three key research questions: the identification of QKD protocols applicable to 6G, challenges in their integration, and proposed solutions for seamless deployment. Findings reveal that protocols such as BB84, E91, CV-QKD, and MDI-QKD, transmitted via optical fiber and satellite channels, offer promising security guarantees. This review concludes that while QKD can significantly strengthen 6G communications against quantum threats, further interdisciplinary efforts in hardware development, standardization, and pilot implementations are essential. The study offers valuable insights for researchers, engineers, and policymakers working toward secure, quantum-resistant future networks. The study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to ensure transparency, rigor, and reproducibility. A comprehensive search was conducted across major scientific databases, including IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and arXiv, using well-defined keywords and Boolean search strategies related to QKD, 6G networks, and quantum communication security. After removing duplicates and applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 48 peer-reviewed studies published between 2016 and May 2025 were selected for detailed analysis. The selected literature was systematically classified to address three primary research questions: (i) identification of QKD protocols and technologies applicable to 6G networks, (ii) challenges hindering the integration of QKD into 6G architectures, and (iii) solutions and frameworks proposed to facilitate practical deployment. The findings reveal that prominent QKD protocols, including BB84, E91, Continuous-Variable QKD (CV-QKD), and Measurement-Device-Independent QKD (MDI-QKD), demonstrate strong potential for securing 6G communications when deployed over optical fiber and satellite-based channels. However, practical integration faces significant challenges such as scalability limitations, synchronization issues, quantum channel coexistence with classical networks, hardware complexity, and high deployment costs. The review further highlights emerging solutions that leverage Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), blockchain-based key management, and hybrid classical-quantum security architectures to overcome these obstacles. Ongoing standardization efforts by organizations such as NIST, ETSI, and ITU-T are also identified as critical enablers for real-world adoption .
Abstract: With the rapid advancement of quantum computing, traditional cryptographic techniques are at risk of devolution, necessitating quantum-resilient alternatives for future communication networks. This systematic literature review evaluates the role of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) in enhancing the security of sixth-generation (6G) wireless communicat...
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