Micro and Macro (Organisms) and Their Contributions to Soil Fertility
Sulaimon Adebisi Musbau,
Badmus Hafiz Ayinde
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
44-56
Received:
6 September 2020
Accepted:
4 December 2020
Published:
1 April 2021
Abstract: Soil chemical properties and microbial populations were always determined in soil in order to compare the contributions of microorganisms to soil fertility and to sustain agricultural plant growth. The ability to supply essential plant nutrients (phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S) etc.) and soil water in adequate amounts and proportions for plant growth and reproduction; and the absence of toxic substances which may inhibit plant growth. This research work therefore aimed at understanding the different types of microbes present in soil and their various contributions to soil fertility. Sample collection normally ranges from 0-20 cm depth in the soil. These samples were air dried, passed through a 2-mm sieve before soil properties were determined following standard methods. Fresh soil samples were used to determine the number of soil microorganisms via the dilution spread plate technique using the nutrient agar for bacteria and potato dextrose agar for fungi. Research showed that the forest and fallow lands had significantly lower pH value, available P, exchangeable K and Na, but significantly higher exchangeable H and bacteria population than the cultivated land. The mean exchangeable Ca was significantly higher in the cultivated land than in the fallow land but similar to that from the forestland. The fungi population was also higher in the forestland than in others which are similar statistically. The mean soil organic matter, total N, exchangeable Mg, exchangeable Al and CEC were similar in all the land use types. Contributions of microorganisms to soil fertility were generally more in the uncultivated lands, an indication that tillage operations may have affected the microbial populations. Also the relationship between some soil chemical properties and microbial densities signify important roles microorganism play in soil nutrient build up.
Abstract: Soil chemical properties and microbial populations were always determined in soil in order to compare the contributions of microorganisms to soil fertility and to sustain agricultural plant growth. The ability to supply essential plant nutrients (phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S) etc.) and soil water in adequate amounts and p...
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Microbiological Changes During Storage of Extruded Snacks Produced from Yellow Cassava Substituted with Processed Sesame Seeds Flours
Olorode Omobolanle Omowunmi,
Ewuoso Latifat Motunrayo
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
57-62
Received:
3 April 2021
Accepted:
19 April 2021
Published:
29 April 2021
Abstract: As the need for healthy snack consumption is rising on a daily basis, evaluating its storability is also needful. This study was done to examine the storability of extruded snacks developed from yellow cassava substituted with sesame seed flour blends. Germinated and fermented sesame seed flours were blended with yellow cassava flour differently at 0, 15 and 30% levels of substitution. The flours were appropriately mixed for the production of extruded snacks in using single screw extruder before frying in a deep fryer. The snacks were packaged in polythene and stored at room temperature. Microbial evaluation was carried out on the snacks on weekly basis for four weeks to determine their storability. The initial counts of total aerobic, fungi (yeast and mould) and coliform counts ranged from 0.48x104 to 2.55x104, 1.06x104 to 2.56x104 and 8.00x102 to 1.20x103cfu/g respectively. The samples showed significant differences (p<0.05). The values increased as the length of day increases with samples containing germinated sesame seeds flour having the highest while the extruded snacks with 0% sesame seeds flour had the lowest counts. The samples with fermented sesame seeds flours were observed to contain lower microbial loads compare to those with germinated sesame seeds flour. The results of this study nevertheless indicated that the level of contamination of the snacks were within acceptable/specified limits.
Abstract: As the need for healthy snack consumption is rising on a daily basis, evaluating its storability is also needful. This study was done to examine the storability of extruded snacks developed from yellow cassava substituted with sesame seed flour blends. Germinated and fermented sesame seed flours were blended with yellow cassava flour differently at...
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Diversity of Rhizobacteria Associated with Sorghum Wild Relatives in Assosa Zone of Ethiopia and Their Ability to Solubilize Phosphate
Eleni Belay,
Befekadu Teshome
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
63-68
Received:
11 February 2021
Accepted:
16 April 2021
Published:
21 May 2021
Abstract: Culture based diversity of Rhizobacteria associated with Sorghum wild relatives were identified by this study. Rhizobacteria, which include rhizosphere bacteria, rhizoplane bacteria and endophytic bacteria were isolated and identified. The isolates were also evaluated and screened for their ability to solubilize phosphates on Pikovskaya’s agar plates. One hundred twenty-six rhizobacteria were isolated on nutrient agar from the samples. Out of these Rhizobacterial isolates, 21 of them were endophyte bacteria, 40 of them were rhizosphere bacteria and 65 of them were rhizoplane bacteria. The 126 isolated rhizobacteria were clustered into 36 similar representative Morphotype groups. And, they were identified using GEN III Biolog microbial identification system. Gram negative rhizobacteria were more predominant than Gram positive rhizobacteria. Genus Pseudomonas was found as the most dominant Rhizobacterial taxa among the identified P-solubilizing Rhizobacteria and Non-P-solubilizing Rhizobacteria isolates. Forty seven percent (47.2%) of the clustered rhizobacterial isolates showed clearly visible haloes (>0.50 cm) around their colonies on Pikovskaya’s agar after seven days of incubation at 30 ± 2°C. They showed a significant difference of solubilization index (SI) [p<0.05] and ranged from 1.3 to 5.3 with a mean value of 2.4. Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cibi) produced the largest solubilisation index when compared with the Gram-negative isolates. This study indicated that P-solubilizing rhizobacteria associated with Sorghum Wild Relative have very large phosphate solubilization index. Thus, it is recommended to include them in research programs that intend to screen P-solubilizing bacteria for microbial inoculant development.
Abstract: Culture based diversity of Rhizobacteria associated with Sorghum wild relatives were identified by this study. Rhizobacteria, which include rhizosphere bacteria, rhizoplane bacteria and endophytic bacteria were isolated and identified. The isolates were also evaluated and screened for their ability to solubilize phosphates on Pikovskaya’s agar plat...
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Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Clinical Isolates - Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus in the Western of Bangladesh
Mohammad Golam Sakline,
Dabashis Roy,
Tanvir Ahmad,
Shaikh Shahinoor Rahman,
Shakh Mohammad Abdur Rouf,
Mosammat Nazira Akhter Rithu,
Mohammad Mizanur Rahman,
Mohammad Tanvir Sarwar
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
69-73
Received:
26 March 2021
Accepted:
20 May 2021
Published:
31 May 2021
Abstract: The present study was carried out to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility of four pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Escherichia coli strains from 35 samples, Staphylococcusaureus strains from 35 samples, Enterobacter strains from 39 samples and Pseudomonas strains from 39 samples were isolated from 200 suspected infected individuals. Pure cultures of isolate were done by isolating single colony from the stored bacteria. Identification of strains were confirmed by various microscopic, colonial and biochemical tests. Finally identified four varieties of pathogenic strains Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus were subjected to the antibiotic sensitivity test by antibiotic disc diffusion method. Approximately 15 commonly used antibiotics were used in the tests. For this study it was observed that 94% of Escherichia coli were resistant to Cefixime, 86% to Cefuroxime Sodium, 77% to Ceftriaxone, 71% to Ceftazidime, 66% to Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid and Ciprofloxacin, 63% to Levofloxacin, 57% to Doxycycline, 49% to Co-trimoxazole andonly 37% to Gentamicin. No Escherichia coli samples were found resistant against Meropenem having highest sensitivity (100%). Only 7 Escherichia coli samples were resistant to Amikacin having sensitivity 80% and 10 Escherichia coli samples were resistant to Nitrofurantion with the third highest sensitivity 71%. Staphylococcus aureus were observed to show maximum resistant (100%) towards Azithromycin, next to Ceftriaxone 74%, Ciprofloxacin and Oxacillin 71%, Co-trimoxazole 63%, Levofloxacin 57% and Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid 49%. Only 5 Staphylococcus aureus samples were resistant to Gentamicin with a maximum sensitivity 86% and 7 Staphylococcus aureus samples were resistant to Amikacin having second highest sensitivity 80% and third highest sensitivity Cephalexin 63%. Enterobactor showedmaximum resistant towards Amoxycillin-Clavunic acid 100%, Cefixime 100%, Ceftadizime 100%, Ceftriaxone 95%, Amikacin 85%, Co-trimoxazole 79%, Ciprofloxacine 77%, Doxycyclin 72%, Gentamicin51%, Levofloxacin 46%, and Nitrofurantion 41%. There were found to be no Enterobacter Samples that resistant to Meropenem having highest sensitivity (100%). Only 16 Entarobacter samples were resistant to Nitrofurantion having second highest sensitivity59% and third highest sensitivity Levofloxacin 54%. Pseudomonus were observed to maximum resistant towards Amoxicillin 100%, Ceftazidime 100%, Cefixime 100%, Doxycycline 100%, Co-trimoxazole 100%, Ciprofloxacin 83%, Ceftriaxone 83%, Levofloxacin 83%, Nitrofurantion 83%, and Amikacin 67%. There were found to be no Pseudomonus Samples that resistant to Meropenem having highest sensitivity (100%). Only 13 Pseudomonus samples were resistant to Gentamicin with a maximumsensitivity 67%.
Abstract: The present study was carried out to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility of four pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Escherichia coli strains from 35 samples, Staphylococcusaureus strains from 35 samples, Enterobacter strains from 39 samples and Pseudomonas strains from 39 sample...
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