Research Article
The Effects of the Angle of Incidence and Gallium Doping Level on the Performance of a CIGS Solar Cell Studied Under Dynamic Frequency Under Monochromatic Illumination
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
1-9
Received:
4 January 2026
Accepted:
19 January 2026
Published:
31 January 2026
Abstract: This article presents a model for studying a basic CIGS solar cell in dynamic frequency mode under monochromatic illumination. The study begins by solving the differential equation that highlights the expression of minority carrier density, followed by those of photocurrent density, photovoltage, short-circuit photocurrent density, and open-circuit photovoltage. This work finalizes the identification and study of the expressions for the shape factor, power, and conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic cell. The study of the dynamic impedance of the basic CIGS solar cell using Bode and Nyquist diagrams is also developed in this work. Thus, we observe that an increase in the angle of incidence tends to decrease the power of the photovoltaic cell, the form factor, and the conversion efficiency. On the other hand, increasing the gallium doping rate tends to improve the cell's performance. Furthermore, the results obtained from the impedance study show the existence of two specific pulsation zones. The first zone [0 rad⁄s; 3.16.107 rad⁄s] where the modulus is a constant; this is the static regime. The second zone ]3.16.107 rad⁄s; 108 rad⁄s [where the modulus increases; this is the dynamic regime. An increase in the angle of incidence with the dynamic impedance modulus is observed. Furthermore, the variation in the angle of incidence has no effect on the resonance frequency or phase. Furthermore, increasing the gallium doping level increases the dynamic resistance modulus. Subsequently, a slight decrease in the impedance phase is observed, synonymous with fluctuations in the pulse limiting the phase shift effects between the signal and the carriers produced. Finally, the Bode and Nyquist representations of the dynamic impedance show that inductive effects remain dominant.
Abstract: This article presents a model for studying a basic CIGS solar cell in dynamic frequency mode under monochromatic illumination. The study begins by solving the differential equation that highlights the expression of minority carrier density, followed by those of photocurrent density, photovoltage, short-circuit photocurrent density, and open-circuit...
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Research Article
Design Kinematics and Speed Control of Autonomous Mobility System Using Intelligent Controller Design Strategies
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
10-23
Received:
5 January 2026
Accepted:
27 January 2026
Published:
11 February 2026
Abstract: Independent mobility and freedom is necessary for every individual in this world. Mobility of individuals with disabilities is often limited which can lead to a reduced quality of life. In this context, Smart mobility system is an important concept in this field of technology that can ease the life of such individuals suffering from different kinds of disorders. Smart wheelchairs have been developed to provide independent mobility to individuals with disabilities but their working performance depends mainly on the effectiveness of their kinematics and different controllers for regulating the speed of the system. The objective of this research work is to design and control the motion of autonomous mobility system that is capable of providing independent mobility to individuals suffering from different types of disabilities. This paper proposes the use of three controllers-Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) and a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) optimized PID controller to achieve the desired and precise motion of the system. Mathematical modelling is done by implementing different kinematic equations and the results are verified by using MATLAB software. The proposed controllers are evaluated and compared based on their performance in terms of steady state error, peak overshoot, settling time and rise time.
Abstract: Independent mobility and freedom is necessary for every individual in this world. Mobility of individuals with disabilities is often limited which can lead to a reduced quality of life. In this context, Smart mobility system is an important concept in this field of technology that can ease the life of such individuals suffering from different kinds...
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Research Article
Decentralized Renewable Energy Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in North-east Nigeria: Barriers, Feasibility, and Policy Gaps
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
24-38
Received:
6 February 2026
Accepted:
9 March 2026
Published:
23 March 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajset.20261101.13
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Abstract: Nigeria faces one of Sub-Saharan Africa’s most severe energy poverty crises, with over 85 million people lacking electricity access, a challenge that disproportionately affects more than 2.5 million Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in conflict-affected North-East Nigeria. Despite national electrification efforts, humanitarian settlements remain largely excluded from reliable power infrastructure. This study evaluates the technical feasibility, spatial energy gaps, and policy barriers associated with deploying decentralized solar and hybrid solar–wind systems in IDP settlements across six North-Eastern states. A mixed-method geospatial framework was applied, integrating Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) nighttime light data, Geo-Referenced Infrastructure and Demographic Data for Development (GRID3) infrastructure datasets, and Distributed Renewable Energy (DRE) demand data using Python and Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS). Nighttime light intensity was classified into no-access (≤100 nW/cm²/sr), limited-access (101–1000 nW/cm²/sr), and full-access (>1000 nW/cm²/sr) categories. Results identified 670 IDP camps across 112 Local Government Areas (LGAs), with high concentrations in Bauchi (264 camps), Borno (194), and Gombe (140), predominantly located within limited-access zones. Solar resource assessment shows strong regional potential (4.2–4.6 kWh/m²/day Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI)), while average wind speeds of 2–4 m/s support small-scale hybrid applications. A representative camp load analysis (3.72 kWh/day) demonstrates that a 0.99 kWp solar array combined with a 3.2 kWh battery and a 300 W vertical-axis wind turbine can reliably meet basic household energy needs, reducing approximately 25.88 kgCO2e per household annually. Key barriers include high upfront costs, limited financing mechanisms, weak humanitarian energy policy integration, and security-related operational risks. The study provides empirical evidence for integrating decentralized renewable energy into national electrification strategies through risk-informed planning and tailored financing models to enhance resilience, sustainability, and dignity in displacement settings.
Abstract: Nigeria faces one of Sub-Saharan Africa’s most severe energy poverty crises, with over 85 million people lacking electricity access, a challenge that disproportionately affects more than 2.5 million Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in conflict-affected North-East Nigeria. Despite national electrification efforts, humanitarian settlements remain ...
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,
Ibrahima Wade
