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Study on the Prevalence of Babesiosis in Domestic Cattles of Various Areas of Sindh, Pakistan
Mahaveer,
Muhammad Umer,
Sajid Abbas,
Wasim Abbas,
Saba Naazir,
Rehana Shahnawaz
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
149-153
Received:
29 May 2022
Accepted:
27 June 2022
Published:
29 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.rd.20220303.12
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Abstract: The current study was done to determine the incidence of babesiosis among domestic cattle in Sindh, in light of the relevance of tick-borne diseases in the livestock industry. Over the course of a year, n=1500 blood samples were taken from clinically questionable animals. A microscope was used to analyses all of the blood samples. Babesiosis was found to be prevalent in 51.47% of the population. B. boves had a much higher prevalence 32.8% than B. bigemina 18.67%. Female cattle were more susceptible to both B. boves and B. bigemina than male cattle. Both B. boves 38.57% and B. bigemina 23.57% were found to be very positive in cattle under the age of two years. Similarly, during the summer season, the rate of positive for both B. boves 51.33% and B. bigemina 31.3% was observed to be high. Tick and disease prevalence in a certain area, as well as the season, are contributing variables in Babesia diagnosis, particularly in areas like Sindh, where modern testing is not available. Babesiosis can be treated with a variety of different medications. Antiprotozoal medicines such as imidocarb dipropionate and diminazine aceturate are commonly used in conjunction with antibiotics such as Doxycycline and Enrofloxacin. Another option is Metronidazole. The combination of atovaquone and azithromycin has been shown to be effective against Babesia gibsoni, but Asian genotypes of B. gibsoni are thought to be resistant. No medicine exists that can entirely eradicate the infectious pathogen.
Abstract: The current study was done to determine the incidence of babesiosis among domestic cattle in Sindh, in light of the relevance of tick-borne diseases in the livestock industry. Over the course of a year, n=1500 blood samples were taken from clinically questionable animals. A microscope was used to analyses all of the blood samples. Babesiosis was fo...
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On Farm Verification of Soil Test Based Phosphorus Fertilizer Recommendations on Bread Wheat in Degem District of North Shewa Zone, Oromia
Dejene Getahun,
Lello Dejene,
Meron Tolesa,
Dereje Girma
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
154-158
Received:
18 July 2022
Accepted:
18 August 2022
Published:
31 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.rd.20220303.13
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Abstract: On farm verification trial of soil test based crop response phosphorus calibration study on bread Wheat was conducted at Degam district of North Shewa zone during 2019 cropping season using optimum amount of nitrogen (92kgN/ha), critical P-value (22ppm) and Phosphorus requirement factor (5.85) determined during soil test based crop response phosphorus calibration study. Using the determined value of P critical concentration and phosphorus requirement factor, this study was initiated to verify P critical value and P requirement factor for bread wheat. Three treatments were included in the experiments as: control (without fertilizer (T1), (blanket recommendation= (100:100kg/ha Urea and DAP) (T2) and soil test based crop response phosphorus recommendation (T3). The activity was conducted across seven farmers’ and those farmers were used as replications with RCBD design. The plot size was 10m*10m for each treatment. Soil data were collected on Soil pH and available phosphorus which ranges 56 - 5.72 and 9.71- 20.66 respectively; agronomic data were collected on plant height and grain yield. The highest plant height and grain yield were obtained from STBCR 95.03 cm and 2996.43 kg/ha correspondingly. To estimate the economical significant of the different fertilizer rates, partial budget analysis (CIMMYT, 1988) was employed to calculate the Marginal rate of return (MRR) to investigate the economic feasibility of treatments. Based on this, the Marginal Rate of Return (MRR) were found to be 150.81% for soil test based fertilizer rate and 134.7% for farmer practice (blanket recommendation). The economic analysis revealed that the highest net income (56202 ETB) was gained from soil test based P-fertilizer recommended treatments with marginal rate of return (150.81%) which is superior than the minimum rate of return (MRR) 100%. Therefore, based on the result obtained from this trial soil test based fertilizer recommendation is recommended for the study area. furthermore, further studies should be needed since the soil is heterogeneous and changed in short period of time.
Abstract: On farm verification trial of soil test based crop response phosphorus calibration study on bread Wheat was conducted at Degam district of North Shewa zone during 2019 cropping season using optimum amount of nitrogen (92kgN/ha), critical P-value (22ppm) and Phosphorus requirement factor (5.85) determined during soil test based crop response phospho...
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Global Importance of Coffee Leaf Rust /Hemileia vastatrix/ on Coffee Industry and Its Management Options
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
159-167
Received:
30 June 2022
Accepted:
2 August 2022
Published:
16 September 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.rd.20220303.14
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Abstract: In Global coffee industry, coffee leaf rust, a fungal disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix Berk. et Br., was first recorded in 1861 near Lake Vitoria (East Africa) on wild Coffea species. It is thought to have originated at wild Arabica coffee in its center of diversity at south-western part of Ethiopia. Its damage was first observed in cultivated coffee in Sri Lanka (Cylon) in 1868 and reported from India in 1869. Today, the disease is highly devastating at all coffee arabica and Coffea canephora coffee-growing countries, and continues to threaten coffee production with losses that range from 30 to 50%. Global crop loss due to this disease is estimated $1-2 Billion. Disease risk is increased in arabica coffee compared to canifora, and lower production is expected in the year following an epidemic due to early defoliation and drying of branches. Its control is still very difficult; however, several varieties were developed in the country using sources of resistance from germplasm collections in Portugal. However, very few are completely resistant, instead exhibiting various levels of partial resistance. The disease is currently damaging and its epidemics total change the livelihood of millions in Latin America and Africa. The review indicated that coffee leaf rust is the most devastating coffee disease in the World. Different coffee leaf rust disease management opthions are helpful to reduce it damage. Among these, use of resistant variety, cultural control, use of effective chemicals, biological control and integrated disease management options. From cultural management options, the use of organic soil fertility management was the most attractive option for resource poor small holder coffee farmers under without supplementary irrigation condition given that it reduces on both costs of inorganic chemical fertilizers and support the tolerance of coffee plant for disease and help in high yield.
Abstract: In Global coffee industry, coffee leaf rust, a fungal disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix Berk. et Br., was first recorded in 1861 near Lake Vitoria (East Africa) on wild Coffea species. It is thought to have originated at wild Arabica coffee in its center of diversity at south-western part of Ethiopia. Its damage was first observed in cultivated ...
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Factors Determine the Practicality of Architectural Design Service Fee Scale in Ethiopia
Efrem Beyene,
Nebyou Yonas
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
168-177
Received:
2 June 2022
Accepted:
10 August 2022
Published:
27 September 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.rd.20220303.15
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Abstract: The adoption of an Architect's fee scale is important to improve ethical practice, promote innovation and improve the quality of architectural design service in Ethiopia. however, the effort of regulatory agencies is required to be more than preparing draft documents, submit to the responsible body, and waiting for endorsement. It is mandatory to work on factors that determine the practicality. The purpose of this study was therefore to identify factors determining the practicality of the Architecture service fee scale in Ethiopia through the assessment of principal architects' perceptions and experiences. The study was limited to Architecture design services and Principal architects. Principal Architects of firms registered for Architecture Service were asked to rate pricing strategies and factors related to market chain, institutional capacity, political economy, and market devices. A stratified sampling technique was adopted to sort out consulting Architecture firms across the country. The questionnaires were administered to 160 principal architects of consulting architecture firms in Addis Ababa, Bahir-Dar, Adama, Dessie, Harrar, and Dire Dawa cities of Ethiopia. A total of 57 responses were returned, but during the data pre-analysis task (response screening) one questionnaire from non-principal Architects was discarded. The perception of principal architects is evaluated on listed factors that fall into major categories such as institutional capacity, market chain, political economy, and market devices. The perceptions, which influence the use of the different approaches, were also presented. The author summarized, the identified factors in client/public Awareness creation, Collaboration, Requirements for Registration, licensing, Construction Permit and Control, Managing Human Resources, Managing Professional Ethics, Privatization/ free-market economic policy, Impacts of other policies such as Lease, Administrative structure of the Country, Quality of Architectural design service delivery.
Abstract: The adoption of an Architect's fee scale is important to improve ethical practice, promote innovation and improve the quality of architectural design service in Ethiopia. however, the effort of regulatory agencies is required to be more than preparing draft documents, submit to the responsible body, and waiting for endorsement. It is mandatory to w...
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Evaluating Vertical and Horizontal Distance for Vertically Farming Tomatoes (Solanumlycop ersicum L.) in Urban Agriculture, Daye Town, Sidama Region, Ethiopia
Hailu Hameso,
Tariku Tefera
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
178-184
Received:
19 August 2022
Accepted:
13 September 2022
Published:
27 September 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.rd.20220303.16
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Abstract: One of the most important realities of today and the future is that the number of people living in urban areas across the world is greater than that of rural areas. Implementing measures at the city level that challenge current food systems and improve urban sustainability are time sensitive and necessary, and has led to a search for sustainable and alternative methods of urban food production. Urban agriculture can be done in open and closed areas including vertical garden. The field experiment was conducted under vertical garden at Daye town, in sidama region, Ethiopia in 2022 cropping season to determine the optimum vertical and horizontal distances for tomato production under vertical garden. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with factorial arrangement with three replications and consisted two vertical distances (40 cm and 50 cm) to ward vertical and two horizontal distances (50cm, and 60cm) with Total of 4 treatments combination. Interaction effects influenced days for all phonological parameters, growth, yield and yield components. 40 cm toward vertical with 60 cm toward horizontal spacing exhibited the highest tomato fruit yield (68.73 kg per structure). The highest marginal rate of return (MRR%), 5592.9 was recorded from 40 cm toward vertical with 60 cm toward horizontal spacing under this vertical garden on tomato production. Given the fact that fruit yield performance between the two vertical spacing in combinations two horizontal spacing, 40 cm toward vertical with 60 cm toward horizontal spacing is recommended for tomato production under vertical garden of Daye town and similar agro-ecologies in the midlands towns of Ethiopia.
Abstract: One of the most important realities of today and the future is that the number of people living in urban areas across the world is greater than that of rural areas. Implementing measures at the city level that challenge current food systems and improve urban sustainability are time sensitive and necessary, and has led to a search for sustainable an...
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Empirical Review on Determinants of Improved Potato Technology Adoption in Ethiopia
Mamaru Tesfaye,
Lemma Tessema
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
185-191
Received:
14 June 2022
Accepted:
26 July 2022
Published:
29 September 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.rd.20220303.17
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Abstract: Adoption of improved potato technology is essential for intensifying its productivity thereby improve the income of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. Adoption of improved Potato also plays a great role for food security and improving the daily livelihood of farmers as well. However, there are few area-specific studies on its technology adoption to encourage farmers to substitute their production methods with modern production techniques and maximize their return from the sector. The objective of this review paper is to gain insight into the determinants of improved potato technology adoption in Ethiopia by using findings from various empirical studies. According to the review's results, adoption of improved potato technologies in Ethiopia is limited by several of biotic and abiotic factors in general, as well as demographic, socioeconomic, institutional, and technological constraints in particular. Similarly, many empirical studies were analyzed as to the determinants of potato technology adoption in this review paper, including improved seed types, fertilizers, quality seed, crops protection measures, and a storage facility. As a result of the production technology adoption factors, the sub sector's expected outcome is still low. Therefore, the pinpointing major constraints of improved potato production in Ethiopia would help to significantly improve the adoption rate and intensity of the technology by smallholder farmers and thereby sustainably improved potato production in Ethiopia.
Abstract: Adoption of improved potato technology is essential for intensifying its productivity thereby improve the income of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. Adoption of improved Potato also plays a great role for food security and improving the daily livelihood of farmers as well. However, there are few area-specific studies on its technology adoption to e...
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