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Research Article
Extended Relativity in Clifford Spaces: An Alternative Approach to Unification Beyond GR and SM
Juan Francisco González Hernández*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2025
Pages:
130-139
Received:
23 April 2025
Accepted:
6 May 2025
Published:
3 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajmp.20251403.11
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Abstract: Despite their undeniable experimental success, General Relativity (GR) and the Standard Model (SM) are still regarded as effective field theories (EFTs), only valid up to a certain energy scale or length threshold, beyond which new physics is anticipated. These foundational theories, while extremely precise within their respective domains¡agravitation for GR and quantum fields for the SM¡aremain fundamentally incompatible and incomplete when attempting a unified description of nature.In this work, we present and review the framework of Extended Relativity (ER) within the mathematical setting of Clifford spaces (C-spaces), which generalize Minkowskian spacetime by incorporating multivectorial (polyvector) coordinates. This formalism offers a natural extension of spacetime geometry capable of encoding extended objects and higher-order geometric degrees of freedom. The ER approach aims to provide a geometric and algebraic platform potentially capable of bridging the divide between quantum theory and gravity.Beyond reviewing concepts, methods, and selected results from ER in C-spaces, we also highlight its theoretical connections with other generalized relativities (OR), including Born reciprocity, multitemporal relativity, and recent frameworks inspired by emergent spacetime and quantum entanglement (QE). These connections may shed light on phenomena such as the emergence of spacetime, dark energy, or the role of maximal acceleration and higher-derivative symmetries.Finally, we explore the compelling possibility that ER is only a step toward a more fundamental theory, which we term Beyond Extended Relativity (BER). This leads us to propose a broader framework, perhaps governed by new symmetry principles and limits, capable of addressing the unresolved challenges of unification, quantum gravity, and the ultimate structure of spacetime.
Abstract: Despite their undeniable experimental success, General Relativity (GR) and the Standard Model (SM) are still regarded as effective field theories (EFTs), only valid up to a certain energy scale or length threshold, beyond which new physics is anticipated. These foundational theories, while extremely precise within their respective domains¡agravitat...
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Review Article
Physics of the Universe in a Model with Minimum Initial Entropy III Solar System
Petro Olexiyovych Kondratenko*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2025
Pages:
140-159
Received:
26 April 2025
Accepted:
13 May 2025
Published:
25 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajmp.20251403.12
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Abstract: The third part of the review paper examines the physical processes that have occurred in the Solar System from its formation to the present, within the framework of the Universe with minimal initial entropy (UMIE) model. In this case, the expansion of space and the formation of the Universe as a hierarchical system are taken into account and the following conclusions are made: According to the UMIE model, the Universe is a component of the Super-Universe, which consists of four layers: the zero-dimensional world (space-time quantum, World-1), the one-dimensional world (World-2), the two-dimensional world (World-3) and our three-dimensional world (World-4). The space-time quantum has constant dimensions, and all other layers expand at a constant speed equal to the speed of light. The mass of a cosmic body and the distance from the planet to the Sun increase proportionally over time. This fact ensures a constant speed of movement of planets and small bodies in their orbit, which are constantly moving away from the Sun. The new model describes the sequence of planet formation, taking into account the resonant interactions between the planets' orbits, which results in the distance from the planet to the star following a geometric progression. The increase in the mass of cosmic bodies occurs at a constant rate due to the birth of bineutrons in the vicinity of atomic nuclei. Heavy chemical elements are located in the center of the Sun and planets. When their mass increases to a critical level, constantly active radiation processes and nuclear explosions occur in the nuclei of the Sun and planets. Radial fluxes of electrons and protons, which arose as a result of radiation processes and nuclear explosions in the nucleus, cause the appearance of a magnetic field around the Sun and planets, and also cause differential rotation of the Sun. It is shown that all atoms from the table of chemical elements continue to be formed throughout the volume of cosmic bodies. This leads to the creation of all possible compounds of chemical elements, as well as to the appearance of water on Earth. The crystallization of chemical elements and molecules in the Earth's magma leads to the formation of minerals, or a nuclear explosion occurs, which is responsible for the appearance of deep-focus earthquakes.
Abstract: The third part of the review paper examines the physical processes that have occurred in the Solar System from its formation to the present, within the framework of the Universe with minimal initial entropy (UMIE) model. In this case, the expansion of space and the formation of the Universe as a hierarchical system are taken into account and the fo...
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Research Article
Evaluation of Bremsstrahlung Angular Distribution Models in the Monte Carlo Simulation of a 6 MV Photon Beam from an Elekta Synergy Agility Linear Accelerator Using the GAMOS Code
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, June 2025
Pages:
160-166
Received:
6 May 2025
Accepted:
15 May 2025
Published:
30 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajmp.20251403.14
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Abstract: This study aims to validate the simulation model of the GAMOS/ GEANT4 code for a 6 MV photon beam produced by the Elekta Synergy Agility linear accelerator installed at the International Cancer Center of Dakar (CICD), Senegal. The simulation encompasses all major components of the accelerator head: the target, primary collimator, flattening filter, ionization chamber, and X and Y jaws, using a homogeneous water phantom. The phase space was placed after the jaws, and for each angular distribution model studied: Tsai, Koch–Motz 2BS, and Koch–Motz 2BN, the dose distribution was evaluated. This includes depth dose curves for field sizes of 5 × 5 cm² and 10 × 10 cm² at a source-to-axis distance (SAD) of 100 cm, as well as dose profiles at depths of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm in the phantom, with a source-to-surface distance (SSD) of 90 cm from the target. The three bremsstrahlung angular distribution models implemented in GAMOS were then compared with experimental measurements. Validation was performed using the gamma index, with an acceptance criterion of 3% for dose difference (DD) and 3 mm for distance to agreement (DTA). For the depth dose curves, a 94% agreement was observed between simulated and experimental data for the 5 × 5 cm² field, and 96% for the 10 × 10 cm² field, regardless of the model. Regarding the dose profiles, the three models: Koch–Motz 2BN, Koch–Motz 2BS, and Tsai, exhibit perfect agreement (100%) with measurements for the 5 × 5 cm² field size at all depths. For the 10 × 10 cm² field, the Koch–Motz 2BN model shows excellent agreement of 100% at 5 cm and 20 cm depths, followed by the Tsai model with 99% at 20 cm. At 10 cm depth, agreement reached 99% for Koch–Motz 2BN and 97% for Tsai. At 15 cm, Koch–Motz 2BN and Tsai achieved 98%, followed by Koch–Motz 2BS with 92%. At 20 cm, Koch–Motz 2BN maintained 100% agreement, followed by Tsai (99%) and Koch–Motz 2BS (94%). This study compares three bremsstrahlung angular distribution models in GAMOS with experimental values, assessing their respective performances in photon beam simulation. These results may guide radiotherapy practitioners in selecting the most appropriate model. In summary, this work contributes to the validation and enhancement of simulation techniques in radiotherapy, thereby improving treatment optimization and patient safety in cancer care.
Abstract: This study aims to validate the simulation model of the GAMOS/ GEANT4 code for a 6 MV photon beam produced by the Elekta Synergy Agility linear accelerator installed at the International Cancer Center of Dakar (CICD), Senegal. The simulation encompasses all major components of the accelerator head: the target, primary collimator, flattening filter,...
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