Research Article
Determination of Chlorpyrifos Residues in Organophosphate-Contaminated Soils from Selected Dairy Farms in Kilifi County, Kenya Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS)
Atego Norbert Adum*,
Gicharu Gibson,
Carren Okeri,
Peter Makan
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 3, September 2026
Pages:
36-44
Received:
13 June 2026
Accepted:
26 June 2026
Published:
17 July 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sjac.20261403.11
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Abstract: Organophosphate acaricides are widely used in livestock production to control ticks and tick-borne diseases, but frequent use of chlorpyrifos-based products may contaminate soils through residue accumulation. This study determined chlorpyrifos residues in soils from selected dairy farms in Kilifi County, Kenya. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Forty four dairy farmers using questionnaires, interviews, and field observations to document acaricide brands, active ingredients, and application frequency. Farms were purposively selected based on reported use of chlorpyrifos-containing acaricides. Forty-four composite soil samples were collected from cattle spraying areas, drainage points, and nearby grazing sites in Kilifi South, Kaloleni and Kilifi North sub-counties. Samples were extracted and analyzed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Data were analyzed in GenStat using descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA. Commonly used acaricides included Duodip, Tixfix, Vectoclor, Steladone, and Cynotrix. Most farmers applied acaricides twice weekly. Chlorpyrifos was detected in 24 of 44 samples, representing 54.5%. Mean concentrations differed among sub-counties, with Kilifi South recording the highest level at 18.903±0.114 ppb, followed by Kaloleni at 11.88±0.299 ppb and Kilifi North at 10.496±0.0447 ppb. The findings indicate soil contamination and support routine monitoring, farmer training, and stricter regulation of chlorpyrifos-based acaricides.
Abstract: Organophosphate acaricides are widely used in livestock production to control ticks and tick-borne diseases, but frequent use of chlorpyrifos-based products may contaminate soils through residue accumulation. This study determined chlorpyrifos residues in soils from selected dairy farms in Kilifi County, Kenya. A cross-sectional survey was conducte...
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