Prevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Goat and Sheeps in Various Districts of Punjab-Pakistan
Adnan Yousaf,
Lookesh Kumar,
Faheem Ahmed,
Ajeet Singh Berjang,
Rehana Shahnawaz
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, December 2023
Pages:
78-83
Received:
Aug. 23, 2023
Accepted:
Sep. 05, 2023
Published:
Oct. 14, 2023
Abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease that affects animals with cloven feet. It is prevalent in Pakistan, resulting in significant economic losses. The study's goal was to determine the sero-prevalence of FMD in small ruminants (sheep and goats) maintained near large ruminants that had recently had an FMD epidemic. The research was carried out in ten districts of Pakistan that were carefully chosen. Between 2019 and 2021, 1760 sera were collected from small ruminants. Using the CHEKIT FMD-3ABC bo-ov kit, serum samples were analyzed for antibodies against FMD viral non-structural protein (3ABC) (IDEXX laboratories, USA). 2 test and multiple logistic regression techniques were used to examine the data. In small ruminants, the sero-prevalence of FMD was 27.22% (479/1760). The sero-prevalence of FMD in goats (288/1006; 28.63%) was considerably higher (P<0.001) than in sheep (191/754; 25.33%). After controlling for other variables, the risk of FMD in sheep was higher than in goats (CI: 0.4-0.78, p=0.001). Overall Male animals had a higher sero-positivity rate of 28.66% (70/244) and 34.53% (86/249) than female animals 23.72% (121/510) and 26.68% (202/757) in sheep and goats respectively. Female animals were more likely than male animals to test positive for FMD infection (P<0.003). District Chakwal (22.51%) had a substantially lower and District Rawalpindi had maximum (34.53%) sero-prevalence than the other districts (p<0.001). The data suggest that FMD is prevalent in small ruminants housed in close quarters with large ruminants, and that these animals might operate as FMD viral reservoirs and infection sources in vulnerable cattle.
Abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease that affects animals with cloven feet. It is prevalent in Pakistan, resulting in significant economic losses. The study's goal was to determine the sero-prevalence of FMD in small ruminants (sheep and goats) maintained near large ruminants that had recently had an FMD epidemic. The research...
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Review Article
Hypertension: Unmasking the Silent Epidemic in Developing Countries
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, December 2023
Pages:
84-96
Received:
Sep. 25, 2023
Accepted:
Oct. 23, 2023
Published:
Nov. 09, 2023
DOI:
10.11648/j.bs.20230904.12
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Abstract: Background: An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years worldwide have hypertension, about two-thirds of them live in low- and middle-income countries. A systolic blood pressure (BP) > 180 mm Hg or a diastolic BP > 120 mm Hg is considered a "hypertensive crisis." Almost three-quarters of the worldwide deaths due to hypertension are reported in developing countries where hypertension awareness is deficient, and prevalence rates are very high. The aging population, unhealthy diets, and lack of physical activities are some of the factors that are contributing to high levels of hypertension. Resistant hypertension, where a patient fails to respond to three or more different classes of antihypertensive drugs, including a diuretic, is also on the rise. The Purpose: This review briefly summarizes the current trends of hypertension in developing countries, its causes, diagnosis, and treatment. It also covers the recent increase in the use of antihypertensive herbs. Research Methods: The review critically analyzed recent hypertension trends in developing countries, with a special focus on resistant hypertension diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: Training people to diagnose hypertension in hard-to-reach areas is highly recommended to reduce hypertension cases in developing countries. People should be encouraged to eat healthy diets and actively participate in physical exercises. More research is needed in the development and treatment of resistant hypertension.
Abstract: Background: An estimated 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years worldwide have hypertension, about two-thirds of them live in low- and middle-income countries. A systolic blood pressure (BP) > 180 mm Hg or a diastolic BP > 120 mm Hg is considered a "hypertensive crisis." Almost three-quarters of the worldwide deaths due to hypertension are reported i...
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