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Research Article
Isolation and Characterization of Yeasts and Lactic Acid Bacteria from Spontaneously Fermenting Pulp of Sorting Rejects of Kent and Brooks Mango Varieties
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
1-8
Received:
9 January 2026
Accepted:
23 January 2026
Published:
4 February 2026
Abstract: Kent and Brooks mango varieties are of major nutritional and economic importance to local populations. However, these fruits are highly susceptible to fermentation, leading to significant post-harvest losses. The objective of this study was to valorize sorting rejects of these mango varieties collected from two processing units in Korhogo (Côte d’Ivoire) through isolation of fermentative microorganisms from their pulps. After ripening, fermentative microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria and yeasts) were enumerated and characterized every three days over a nine-day period using specific culture media and standard microbiological techniques. Enumeration results revealed presence of lactic acid bacteria exclusively in Brooks variety, with microbial loads increasing up to day 6 (from 4.96 to 7.66 log CFU/g) before becoming undetectable from day 9 onwards. In contrast, yeasts were observed only in Kent variety, with a decrease in counts from day 0 to day 3 (from 4.97 to 3.57 log CFU/g), followed by complete disappearance by day 6. Furthermore, the characterization of the isolated fermentative microorganisms yielded a total of 45 lactic acid bacteria isolates and 30 yeast isolates from the pulps of Brooks and Kent mangoes, respectively. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria revealed 36 coccobacilli, 5 cocci, and 4 bacilli. Yeast isolates exhibited an oval morphology, with unipolar and multipolar budding observed as modes of reproduction. This study demonstrates that mango sorting rejects of Kent and Brooks varieties constitute a valuable source of fermentative microorganisms, including lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. The diversity and dynamics of these microorganisms during spontaneous fermentation highlight their potential for biotechnological applications, particularly in development of starter cultures. The isolation and characterization of these microorganisms provide a scientific basis for the valorization of mango sorting rejects, thereby contributing to the reduction of post-harvest.
Abstract: Kent and Brooks mango varieties are of major nutritional and economic importance to local populations. However, these fruits are highly susceptible to fermentation, leading to significant post-harvest losses. The objective of this study was to valorize sorting rejects of these mango varieties collected from two processing units in Korhogo (Côte d’I...
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Research Article
Characterization of Fermentative Strains Isolated from Spontaneously Fermentation of Cashew Apples (Anacardium occidentale L.)
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
9-19
Received:
12 January 2026
Accepted:
26 January 2026
Published:
6 February 2026
Abstract: The cashew apple is a juicy and sweet fruit that loses its nutritional quality during the first week after falling from the cashew tree. This degradation is strongly linked to microorganisms that may present beneficial biotechnological potential. Therefore, the objective of this study is to characterize lactic acid bacteria and fermentative yeasts from cashew apples. Cashew apples collected from three localities (Tioro, Morovine, and Waraniene) in the Korhogo department (Northern Côte d’Ivoire) were washed in the laboratory, crushed, and subjected to fermentation. Samples were taken every two days over one week. Morphological studies focused on macroscopic and microscopic analyses of the strains. Physiological and biochemical tests of lactic acid bacteria and yeast isolates were all carried out in tubes. Molecular typing of these isolates was performed using the restriction enzymes DDeI or HinfI, and HaeIII. Characterization of lactic isolates revealed that all lactic acid bacteria isolated were bacillary in shape with catalase activity. They are homofermentative, mesophilic, acidophilic, and do not tolerate salinity beyond 4%. Moreover, they fermented lactose, glucose, maltose, fructose, starch, sucrose, and cellulose. They also produced exopolysaccharides. At the molecular level, all bands were observed at 1500 base pairs. Furthermore, the biochemical profile and enzymatic digestion performed with restriction enzymes identified the genus Lactobacillus, specifically Lactobacillus plantarum as the presumptive species. Characterization revealed yeasts of oval, elongated shape with lateral budding. Sediments were observed in their growth broths. They degraded urea and produced acetoin. They also fermented various sugars, except cellulose, citrate, and mannitol. All bands were observed at 500 base pairs. Biochemical tests and PCR confirmed that all isolates belonged to the genus Saccharomyces sp. Digestion with restriction enzymes (HaeIII and HinfI) divided them into two groups of Saccharomyces, of which 93.75% were Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 6.25% were Saccharomyces uvarum. The use of these presumptive species could serve in the production of cashew apple wine.
Abstract: The cashew apple is a juicy and sweet fruit that loses its nutritional quality during the first week after falling from the cashew tree. This degradation is strongly linked to microorganisms that may present beneficial biotechnological potential. Therefore, the objective of this study is to characterize lactic acid bacteria and fermentative yeasts ...
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Research Article
Antimicrobial Use Practices and Resistance Risk in Cattle Farming in Korhogo, Ivory Coast
Modeste N'dri Koffi*
,
Elise Amoin N'guessan,
Séraphin Affou Wognin
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
20-29
Received:
27 November 2025
Accepted:
3 February 2026
Published:
25 February 2026
Abstract: Cattle farming is a key sector for food and economic security in Côte d'Ivoire. However, inappropriate practices regarding the use of antimicrobials to treat cattle are prevalent among some farmers in several regions of the country. A survey assessing antimicrobial use practices in cattle farming was conducted in the Korhogo department using the Kobocollect digital questionnaire tool. This cross-sectional study of 215 cattle farmers in Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire, reveals the widespread and unregulated use of antimicrobials in livestock farming. The most frequently used antibiotics were tetracyclines (39.91%) and sulfonamides (23.95%), while the most common antiparasitic agents were diminazene (33.26%) and albendazole (29.3%). These molecules are primarily used to treat conditions such as mastitis, skin infections, digestive disorders, respiratory diseases, foot rot, fluke and trypanosomiasis. Additionally, almost one-third of farmers purchase supplies from markets or street vendors. Of these farmers, 65.9% do not follow dosage instructions, 25% interrupt treatment prematurely, and only 30.8% consult a veterinarian. Around 56.1% of livestock farmers self-medicate to treat parasitic diseases, a practice encouraged by low levels of education, empirical experience and limited access to veterinary services. These practices, combined with a heavy reliance on informal distribution channels, significantly increase the risk of antimicrobial and antiparasitic resistance emerging and spreading in the region. The study therefore highlights the urgent need to strengthen veterinary services, regulate the drug market, and educate livestock farmers in the responsible use of antimicrobials.
Abstract: Cattle farming is a key sector for food and economic security in Côte d'Ivoire. However, inappropriate practices regarding the use of antimicrobials to treat cattle are prevalent among some farmers in several regions of the country. A survey assessing antimicrobial use practices in cattle farming was conducted in the Korhogo department using the Ko...
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Research Article
Molecular Surveillance of Avian Influenza Virus Based on HA Gene Isolated from Commercial Poultry in Pakistan
Muhammad Danish Mehmood*,
Huma Anwar Ul-Haq,
Romisa Sattar,
Mehak Aftab,
Nasir Abbas
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
30-38
Received:
11 February 2026
Accepted:
25 February 2026
Published:
10 March 2026
Abstract: Avian influenza virus (AIV) continues to pose a major risk to the global poultry industry and human health on account of its high mutation rate, segmented genome, and its ability to undergo genetic reassortment. H9N2 is among the low-pathogenic types that are particularly important due to being highly endemic in the poultry, causing severe economic losses, and is a possible source of internal genes of the highly pathogenic and zoonotic influenza viruses. Continuous molecular surveillance of circulating H9N2 strains is essential to monitor the evolution of the virus, its reassortment potential, and its effectiveness in vaccines. The aim of the study was to examine the molecular prevalence and partial genetic characterization of low-pathogenic subtype of AIV H9N2 in commercial poultry in Punjab, Pakistan, in 2024. One hundred pooled oropharyngeal, tracheal, lungs, and cloacal samples were collected from symptomatic flocks with respiratory symptoms and low egg production and 40 samples were processed to isolate the virus in specific antibody-negative embryonated chicken eggs and tested with hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Molecular confirmation was done through SYBR Green based real-time RT-PCR targeting a 765bp fragment of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. PCR-positive samples were sequenced and analyzed through BLAST, multiple sequence alignment, and phylogenetic analysis. 10 isolates were classified as H9N2, showing nucleotide similarity of 87.8% to 98.3% with previously reported Pakistani isolates. Mutation analysis revealed various deletions and nucleotide substitutions, indicating that there has been continuous genetic evolution. All indigenous isolates were clustered within the G1-like lineage of Eurasian H9N2 viruses in phylogenetic analysis. In conclusion, the study confirms the continuation of H9N2 AIV circulation and genetic diversification in Pakistani Poultry and highlights the importance of continued molecular surveillance to support effective control and vaccination strategies.
Abstract: Avian influenza virus (AIV) continues to pose a major risk to the global poultry industry and human health on account of its high mutation rate, segmented genome, and its ability to undergo genetic reassortment. H9N2 is among the low-pathogenic types that are particularly important due to being highly endemic in the poultry, causing severe economic...
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Research Article
Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated During Anaerobic Digestion of Pig Slurry
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2026
Pages:
39-52
Received:
10 February 2026
Accepted:
20 February 2026
Published:
14 March 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20261101.15
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Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a growing global health threat, with livestock effluents serving as significant reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study evaluated the effectiveness of mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) in reducing pathogenic bacteria and AMR in pig slurry. Twenty-four samples were collected from two pilot-scale biodigesters (800 L, 56-day hydraulic retention time, ambient temperature) installed in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method according to CASFM 2023 guidelines. A total of 103 isolates belonging to 13 pathogenic species were identified. Firmicutes (Bacillus, Clostridium, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus) dominated with 52.4% of isolates, followed by Proteobacteria (47.6%). AD significantly altered microbial composition (p < 0.05), achieving 3-5 log₁₀ CFU g⁻¹ reductions for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Salmonella. However, spore-forming bacteria (Bacillus, Clostridium) persisted throughout the process. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance rates: Gram-positive cocci showed 64% resistance for Enterococcus (MAR index 0.64), Enterobacteriaceae 52% (MAR 0.52), and Pseudomonas 51% (MAR 0.51). Yersinia enterocolitica was the most abundant species isolated (17.5% of total isolates). While mesophilic AD effectively reduces microbial loads, it does not ensure complete elimination of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Complementary post-treatment processes are necessary before agricultural valorization of digestates to prevent environmental dissemination of AMR.
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a growing global health threat, with livestock effluents serving as significant reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study evaluated the effectiveness of mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) in reducing pathogenic bacteria and AMR in pig slurry. Twenty-four samples were collected from two pilot-...
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