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Water Policy for Sustainable Management: A Review
Dereje Alemu Bekele,
Solomon Kia Bona,
Hazhar Sami Haji
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
110-118
Received:
30 January 2021
Accepted:
19 May 2021
Published:
27 May 2021
Abstract: Water is a fundamental need for life and societal growth. It is essential to meet personal and household needs, as well as for energy and industrial development, as well as to preserve critical water-dependent habitats and ecological services. Demand for the world's highly limited water supply is quickly growing, posing a threat to global food security and limiting its availability for food production. This research review addresses the increasing of global water use per year, global water policy for sustainable management, challenges, traits and opportunities with the objective of determining the best practice of water policy for the future generation. The world population increased from 2.77 billion to 7.794 billion since 1955 till end of 2020 with the growth rate of 1.88% to 1.05% respectively. The World Gross domestic product from 1960-2019 increased from 1.36 $ trillion to 87.67 $ trillion. Due to increasing population, economic development and climate change the global freshwater use since 1900 by broad regional groupings indicate that: OECD nations (Organizations for Economic Cooperation and Development) uses approximately 20-25%, BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) use the largest share at approximately 45% and the Rest of the World nations (ROW) use at 30-33%. Thus, to achieve sustainable water management, best water policy should provide a multi-disciplinary and comprehensive approach that addresses scientific, environmental, economic, landscape aesthetics, societal, and cultural issues.
Abstract: Water is a fundamental need for life and societal growth. It is essential to meet personal and household needs, as well as for energy and industrial development, as well as to preserve critical water-dependent habitats and ecological services. Demand for the world's highly limited water supply is quickly growing, posing a threat to global food secu...
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Multi-Location Evaluation of Yield and Yield Related Trait Performance in Bread Wheat Genotypes at Western Oromia, Ethiopia
Geleta Negash,
Biru Alemu,
Wakgari Raga
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
119-127
Received:
5 April 2021
Accepted:
19 May 2021
Published:
31 May 2021
Abstract: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop, which receives the most attention of specialists in plant breeding and production worldwide. Knowledge of the interaction between genotypes and environment with yield and yield components is a principal aspect of effective selection in crop improvement. Therefore, the objective of this study was: to identify bread wheat genotypes with high level of grain yield and yield stability and insect pest tolerant across locations. The study used 15 bread wheat genotypes, against one local and two standard checks (Liban and Kingbird) at Haro Sabu Agricultural Research Center (HSARC) in 2017-2018 cropping season. Ten agronomic traits and four economically important disease reaction data were evaluated. Analysis of variance detected significant difference, among genotypes in both separated and combined analysis of variance. The combined ANOVA and the additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis for grain yield across environments exhibited significantly affected by environments, which explained 65.06% of the total variation. The genotype and genotype environmental interation were significant and accounted for 13.34 and 9.44%, respectively. Pricipal component (PCA) 1 and 2 accounted for 7.88 and 1.15% of the GEI, respectively, with a total of 9.03% variation. Generally, G6 and G3 were identified as ideal genotypes for yielding ability and stability, tolerant to diseases and use as parents in future breeding programs.
Abstract: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop, which receives the most attention of specialists in plant breeding and production worldwide. Knowledge of the interaction between genotypes and environment with yield and yield components is a principal aspect of effective selection in crop improvement. Therefore, the objective of this study...
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Effect of NPS and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) at Western Oromia, Ethiopia
Teshome Gutu,
Alemayehu Dabasa
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
128-134
Received:
25 March 2021
Accepted:
25 May 2021
Published:
4 June 2021
Abstract: The study was conducted at Chaliya district Chobi Tulu Chori kebele and Horo District Gitilo Dole Kebele during 2018 and 2019 main cropping season to identify optimum agronomic and economic threshold of NPS and Nitrogen fertilizers. The experiment consisted of two factors (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 NPS rates) and (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1 Nitrogen rates). A total of 20 treatments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in 5x4 factorial arrangement. The results indicated that primary branch, capsule per plant, above ground dry biomass and yield were significantly affected by the main effect of NPS and nitrogen fertilizers. The highest grain yield (1400kg and 1382 kg ha-1) were obtained from the application of 25 kg NPS + 69 N kg ha-1 and 25 kg NPS + 46 kg ha-1 N fertilizers respectively. The lowest grain yield (520 kg ha-1) was recorded from the control treatment (0 kg NPS + 0 kg ha-1 N fertilizers). This indicates that 62.86% yield reduction was recorded as compared to the application of 25 kg NPS ha-1 + 69 kg N ha-1 fertilizer. The highest net benefit (35389ETB) and acceptable marginal rate of return (2038%) were obtained from the application of 25 kg NPS ha-1 + 46 kg N ha-1. Therefore application of 25 kg NPS + 46 kg N ha-1 fertilizer rates was recommended for production of linseed in the study areas and similar agroecology.
Abstract: The study was conducted at Chaliya district Chobi Tulu Chori kebele and Horo District Gitilo Dole Kebele during 2018 and 2019 main cropping season to identify optimum agronomic and economic threshold of NPS and Nitrogen fertilizers. The experiment consisted of two factors (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 NPS rates) and (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1 Nitro...
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Distribution of Major Tef Diseases in Central Highland Area of Ethiopia
Yitagesu Tadesse,
Niguse Belay,
Dereje Amare,
Asela Kesho,
Getahun Bekana
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
135-137
Received:
25 March 2021
Accepted:
6 May 2021
Published:
22 June 2021
Abstract: Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter), is the major Ethiopian cereal crop which feed peoples The prevalence and damage inflicted by diseases and insect pests varies from region to region and shows large seasonal variation, the current status of diseases is generally little known. Information on the prevalence and status of diseases would be essential to devise sound management options. So, our objective is to assess the status of major tef foliar diseases in central highland area of Ethiopia. Assessment was carried in the major tef producing districts of West Shewa, South-west and North shewa zones of Ethiopia. The assessment done in 2019/2020 main cropping season along the main roads and accessible routes in each survey district, and stops made at every 5-10 km intervals based on vehicles odometers as per tef fields available. We have assessed 35 fields which have the potential to produce tef from three zones. From our assessment the major tef foliar diseases recorded were leaf rust, head smudge and spot blotch. The highest tef leaf rust severity (90S) recorded in north shewa zone Mendida district where as the lowest (0%) recorded in Awaro, Asgori, woliso and Dendi districts from South west shewa zone. The highest head smudge severity recorded in west shewa zone liben jawe district where as the lowest head smudge severity recorded in woliso, wolimera and tokekutaye district. There is no head smudge disease recorded in north shewa zone. From our assessment, we have concluded that tef leaf rust and head smudge are the most economically important diseases. Therefore, it is very crucial to develop management option to mitigate those diseases.
Abstract: Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter), is the major Ethiopian cereal crop which feed peoples The prevalence and damage inflicted by diseases and insect pests varies from region to region and shows large seasonal variation, the current status of diseases is generally little known. Information on the prevalence and status of diseases would be essentia...
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Participatory Variety Selection of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Apparatuses to Understand Farmer’s Selection Criteria in Eastern Arsi Zone of Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
138-144
Received:
24 April 2021
Accepted:
19 June 2021
Published:
26 June 2021
Abstract: Field pea is one of the protein rich grain food legumes that have a lion share in human diet in Arsi zone. It is a long time ago that field pea crop improvement started in which more than 16 new varieties released those are selected primarily for yield potential, but there is a traits left considered as a very import by majority of farmers. This study intended to recognize farmers important traits consider for decisive varieties to grow. The study was conducted at south eastern Arsi of Ethiopia, representing five major field pea producing location, in one growing season, using a participatory variety selection approach. A total of nine improved and one local check field pea varieties are used. Majority of farmers’ were found around fourteen traits that can influence the selected varieties across all location. There is also some traits those are more sensitive to gender difference. Among fourteen traits, nine were considered very important in one or all of the location in a growing season. Unfortunately there are preferred traits that are not given high priority by the current field pea breeding program in Ethiopian. This study indicated that there is no field pea variety possesses all desirable characteristics that meet the diverse farmers’ selection criteria that adapted to varied location and a growing season. It is better if farmers’ preference traits would be considered in breeding program for a country Ethiopia where the crop is consumed as a stable food.
Abstract: Field pea is one of the protein rich grain food legumes that have a lion share in human diet in Arsi zone. It is a long time ago that field pea crop improvement started in which more than 16 new varieties released those are selected primarily for yield potential, but there is a traits left considered as a very import by majority of farmers. This st...
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