Research Article
The National Cooperative Policy 2025 — Reinvigorating India’s Cooperative Sector
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
70-80
Received:
28 July 2025
Accepted:
11 August 2025
Published:
13 September 2025
Abstract: The cooperative movement in India has historically played a crucial role in advancing rural development, promoting inclusive growth, and empowering marginalized communities. Despite its significant contributions, the sector has been plagued by systemic inefficiencies, outdated legal frameworks, and lack of professional management. The National Cooperative Policy 2025, initiated by the Government of India under the aegis of the newly established Ministry of Cooperation, aims to comprehensively reform and revitalize the cooperative ecosystem. This study explores the key features, strategic pillars, and expected socio-economic impacts of the policy while analyzing the challenges and implementation mechanisms. Adopting a qualitative and descriptive methodology based on secondary data, this research examines reforms proposed in governance, legal restructuring, institutional strengthening, and digital transformation. The policy focuses on enhancing transparency, member participation, and accountability through digitization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS), establishment of a National Cooperative Database, and legal amendments to the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act. It promotes cooperative-to-cooperative (C2C) trade, professional management, and integration with platforms like eNAM and GeM to improve competitiveness and market access. The policy’s alignment with national development goals such as Atmanirbhar Bharat, rural industrialization, and inclusive economic growth is evident in its targeted support for women, youth, SC/ST, and tribal cooperatives. Sector-wise impacts are anticipated in agriculture, dairy, fisheries, rural credit, and housing through improved financial access, value addition, infrastructure development, and employment generation. However, the policy faces notable challenges, including centre-state coordination issues, digital literacy gaps, legacy resistance, and limited financial autonomy of cooperatives. To overcome these barriers, the study suggests actionable reforms such as mandatory digital governance tools, professional training programs, cooperative branding initiatives, and fiscal incentives for states aligning with the national framework. If implemented effectively, the National Cooperative Policy 2025 holds the potential to transform cooperatives into dynamic, transparent, and self-sustaining institutions that drive India’s grassroots economic transformation and social equity.
Abstract: The cooperative movement in India has historically played a crucial role in advancing rural development, promoting inclusive growth, and empowering marginalized communities. Despite its significant contributions, the sector has been plagued by systemic inefficiencies, outdated legal frameworks, and lack of professional management. The National Coop...
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Research Article
A Special Agent: Insurance Comprador for Western Insurers in 19th Century China
Song Xuecan
,
Chen Rong*
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
81-90
Received:
11 June 2024
Accepted:
9 July 2024
Published:
23 September 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijfbr.20251104.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: The history of modern Chinese insurance is a history of foreign insurance industry to control and monopolize the old Chinese insurance market while the Chinese insurance industry tried to be independent and anti-monopoly. Insurance compradors have played an important role in the Western insurance “Indigenization” process in the 19th century China. Insurance buying is a form of western capital in modern insurance industry, which is born and comes for profit. This paper argues, to expand in Chinese market, Western insurers designed a set of system, based on social networks, incorporating marketing, incentive, and credit guarantee namely the insurance buying system; that is, the insurance comprador system, which has assisted Western insurers in monopolizing the Chinese insurance market and bred a group of parvenu insurance compradors. With the growth of both Western insurers and insurance compradors, their relationship has gradually turned from inter-dependence to independence. On the one hand, when Western insurers came to scale, risk control replaced market expansion as development priority, which necessitated the change from a business model weighing insurance compradors to that weighing professionalization and risk-control; on the other hand, insurance compradors founded Chinese insurance industry with the capital and know-how accumulated in working for Western insurers.
Abstract: The history of modern Chinese insurance is a history of foreign insurance industry to control and monopolize the old Chinese insurance market while the Chinese insurance industry tried to be independent and anti-monopoly. Insurance compradors have played an important role in the Western insurance “Indigenization” process in the 19th century China. ...
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