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Research Article
Structural and Phase States and Properties of Plasma Coating of High-Speed Molybdenum Steel After Tempering
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
234-243
Received:
4 August 2025
Accepted:
16 August 2025
Published:
3 December 2025
Abstract: This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the structural and phase states, as well as the properties of plasma coatings on high-speed molybdenum steel after tempering. Advanced techniques, including scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and microcomposition analysis, were employed to investigate the impact of heat treatment on the microstructure and phase composition of the coating. Using methods of modern physical materials science, the structure, mechanical and tribological properties of the surface of a plasma deposited layer in a nitrogen medium with high-speed molybdenum steel on a substrate made of CSN 14331 medium carbon steel subjected to two times tempering at a temperature of 560-580°C for 1 hour have been studied. It was found that tempering of the deposited layer does not lead to a change in the morphology of the polycrystalline structure formed by eutectic grains and grains of a solid solution based on α-iron (BCC crystal lattice). The main phases are α-Fe (85% wt.) and carbides of complex composition Me23C6 (9% wt.) and Me6C (6% wt.), forming eutectic grains. The formation of nanoscale particles of iron and chromium carbides along the boundaries of martensite crystals formed during the transformation of residual austenite during tempering has been revealed. The hardness of the deposited layer is 4.3 times higher than the hardness of the substrate, the wear parameter is 1.5 * 10-6mm3/ N*m, and the coefficient of friction is 0.66.
Abstract: This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the structural and phase states, as well as the properties of plasma coatings on high-speed molybdenum steel after tempering. Advanced techniques, including scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and microcomposition analysis, were employed to investigate the impact of ...
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Research Article
Gravity as Weak Entanglement Between Spacetime Fabrics
Bhushan Poojary*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
244-256
Received:
28 October 2025
Accepted:
6 November 2025
Published:
19 December 2025
Abstract: We propose the General Theory of Relative Fabrics (GTRF), a unifying theoretical framework that posits that gravity does not arise primarily from spacetime curvature induced by mass–energy, but rather emerges from weak nonlocal entanglement between microscopic spacetime fabrics associated with each particle. This perspective replaces the classical dictum, "mass tells spacetime how to curve," with the foundational postulate: "Each mass carries its own spacetime, and gravity emerges when their fabrics entangle". In this model, each particle generates a localized micro-fabric of spacetime that interacts with others through a long-range, decaying entanglement field. This field, scaling as 1/r2 due to the geometric falloff of phase coherence in three dimensions, produces time dilation and curvature as emergent synchronization effects between these fabrics. The gradient in this temporal synchronization manifests macroscopically as the gravitational attraction described by Newtonian and General Relativity (GR). Building on earlier work regarding complex spacetime geometry and the Holographic Address Framework, the GTRF unifies GR and quantum entanglement under a single geometric–informational principle. Crucially, the GTRF framework accounts for dark matter phenomenology not as missing mass, but as the residual coherence of ancient spacetime fabrics. We demonstrate this by deriving modified field equations that incorporate an entanglement stress-energy tensor, which yields asymptotically flat galactic rotation curves without invoking unseen dark matter particles. We show that the weak-field limit of GTRF reduces to a Modified Poisson Equation that naturally generates the required asymptotic velocity profiles. Furthermore, the GTRF maintains consistency with high-precision Solar System tests, as demonstrated by the ability to tune the entanglement coupling functions to satisfy the stringent constraints on the Parameterized Post-Newtonian (PPN) parameters γ ≈ 1 and β≈ 1 and. Gravity, dark matter, and quantum entanglement are thus presented as different scales of the same underlying coherence principle.
Abstract: We propose the General Theory of Relative Fabrics (GTRF), a unifying theoretical framework that posits that gravity does not arise primarily from spacetime curvature induced by mass–energy, but rather emerges from weak nonlocal entanglement between microscopic spacetime fabrics associated with each particle. This perspective replaces the classical ...
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Research Article
The Emergence of Reality: A Path Integral Interpretation of the Many Unreal Worlds
Bhushan Poojary*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
257-264
Received:
11 November 2025
Accepted:
26 November 2025
Published:
24 December 2025
Abstract: The standard interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly the Copenhagen and Many-Worlds (MWI) views, fail to provide a satisfactory, physically localized mechanism for wave function collapse or the appearance of a single classical reality. This paper proposes the Emergent Universe from Many Unreal World Interpretation (MUWI), a novel framework that integrates concepts from the Feynman Path Integral Formulation (PIF), the Holographic Principle, and the concept of quantized spacetime. MUWI posits that reality emerges from a finite, pre-existent set of Unreal Spacetime Fabrics, each corresponding to a potential quantum state, or "address." We establish a formal equivalence between these unreal fabrics and the "sum over histories" in the Path Integral Formulation (PIF). The particle’s quantum state is the propagator, calculated as the collective interference of all potential states (shadows) across these fabrics. The critical distinction lies in the collapse mechanism: Measurement is not a branching event, but an irreversible, informational event-an "address change"-triggered by the interaction of a true particle with a shadow. This interaction enforces a new boundary condition, instantaneously collapsing the PIF to a single history (the observed outcome) and transferring the particle's quantum information across a non-local holographic plane. This approach proposes a localized, geometric mechanism for wave function collapse, offers a consistent explanation for the paradox of retrocausality in delayed-choice experiments, and suggests a fundamental link between the quantum wave and the emergent geometry of spacetime.
Abstract: The standard interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly the Copenhagen and Many-Worlds (MWI) views, fail to provide a satisfactory, physically localized mechanism for wave function collapse or the appearance of a single classical reality. This paper proposes the Emergent Universe from Many Unreal World Interpretation (MUWI), a novel framewo...
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Research Article
Dust Ion Acoustic Solitary Waves in a Magnetized Plasma with Super-thermal Electrons
Al Rafat*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
265-271
Received:
23 November 2025
Accepted:
15 December 2025
Published:
26 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajmp.20251406.14
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Abstract: By considering a magnetized dusty plasma system which is composed of inertial negatively charged dust particles, positively charged warm ions, and inertia less κ-distributed electrons, the obliquely propagating dust ion acoustic solitary waves (DIASWs) are thoroughly examined. The shape of nonlinear electrostatic excitations is significantly altered by the external magnetic field. A Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation is derived by utilizing well known reductive perturbation method. The basic characteristics (amplitude, width, phase speed, etc.) that related to the DIASWs are examined. It is found that for the considered plasma system the fundamental features of DIASWs changes significantly. It is correspondingly analyzed that the amplitude of positive solitary waves changes significantly for different plasma parameters. The results of this work can be used to comprehend the properties of DIASWs and localized electrostatic structures in different astrophysical plasmas. Numerous physical parameters, including the temperature ratio, electron superthermality, and dust to ion mass ratio, have a substantial impact on the propagation characteristics of DIASWs. An increase in dust content enhances the overall mass loading, which tends to reduce phase speed and broaden the solitary structures, while also modifying the balance between dispersion and nonlinearity. A brief discussion is given of the implications of this work for laboratory plasmas and space.
Abstract: By considering a magnetized dusty plasma system which is composed of inertial negatively charged dust particles, positively charged warm ions, and inertia less κ-distributed electrons, the obliquely propagating dust ion acoustic solitary waves (DIASWs) are thoroughly examined. The shape of nonlinear electrostatic excitations is significantly altere...
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