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Research Article
Toward a Unified Theory of Reality and Cognition
Mahir Asef*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
124-129
Received:
13 January 2026
Accepted:
9 February 2026
Published:
2 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sd.20261404.11
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Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between objective reality and human cognition, aiming to develop a unified philosophical framework that integrates perception, language, belief, emotion, and consciousness. It begins by addressing the epistemological problem of how truth can be distinguished from subjective interpretation, arguing that perception—while indispensable—is inherently unreliable and fragmentary. Sensory experience, emotional bias, and belief systems jointly shape how reality is represented in the mind, often obscuring objective structures that exist independently of individual observers. The paper adopts a conceptual and analytical methodology, drawing from philosophy of mind, cognitive science, evolutionary psychology, and the scientific method. Through careful analysis of language and meaning, it demonstrates how abstract concepts acquire instability due to emotional valuation and personal experience, and how precise definitions and logical reasoning can partially stabilize knowledge claims. Emotions are examined not as irrational disturbances, but as evolved functional mechanisms that guide behavior, belief formation, and survival. A central contribution of this work is its model of consciousness as an emergent construct arising from unconscious associative processes, belief architectures, and emotional modulation, with the ego conceptualized as a representational singularity rather than a fundamental entity. The paper further explores the boundaries between awareness and consciousness, extending the discussion to artificial systems and future post-biological intelligences. Finally, it considers the ethical implications of demystifying life and consciousness, particularly in relation to morality, technological advancement, and humanity’s future. The paper concludes that while absolute certainty about reality’s ultimate origin may lie beyond human comprehension, the disciplined use of logic, empirical methods, and conceptual clarity remains the most reliable pathway for approximating objective truth within an inherently subjective cognitive framework.
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between objective reality and human cognition, aiming to develop a unified philosophical framework that integrates perception, language, belief, emotion, and consciousness. It begins by addressing the epistemological problem of how truth can be distinguished from subjective interpretation, arguing that perceptio...
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Research Article
A Multi-Decadal Geospatial Assessment of Urban Growth, Thermal Stress, and Ecological Implications in Finfinne (1995–2025)
Milkessa Dangia Nagasa*,
Birhanu Tadese Edosa,
Fikadu Warku Chuko
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
130-156
Received:
27 March 2026
Accepted:
16 April 2026
Published:
4 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sd.20261404.12
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Abstract: Rapid urbanization and climate variability are significantly altering land use/land cover (LULC) patterns and intensifying urban thermal stress in many Sub-Saharan African cities. This study presents a multi-decadal geospatial assessment of LULC dynamics and their impacts on land surface temperature (LST), urban heat island (UHI) intensity, and urban thermal stress in Finfinne, Ethiopia, from 1995 to 2025. Multi-temporal Landsat imagery (TM, ETM+, OLI/TIRS) was analyzed using supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification to map LULC changes, while LST was retrieved through radiometric calibration, NDVI-based emissivity correction, and standardized thermal conversion techniques. UHI intensity was calculated as the temperature difference between urban and surrounding rural areas, and urban thermal stress and ecological quality were assessed using the Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI) and Urban Thermal Comfort Level (UTCL). Classification accuracy ranged from 80.29% to 96.34%, with kappa coefficients between 0.75 and 0.95, indicating high thematic reliability. Results show rapid urban expansion, with built-up areas increasing from 10,106 ha (19.4%) in 1995 to 28,780 ha (55.2%) in 2025, largely replacing croplands and forest lands. During the same period, mean and maximum LST increased by 7.41°C and 9.71°C, respectively, while mean UHI intensity rose from 21.40°C to 35.16°C. UTFVI and UTCL analyses reveal a pronounced deterioration of urban thermal conditions, with thermally stressed categories (“Worse” and “Worst”) expanding from 53.7% of the city area in 1995 to 68.8% in 2025, indicating increasing ecological degradation and declining thermal comfort. Built-up and degraded surfaces consistently exhibited the highest LST, UHI, and UTFVI values and the poorest UTCL conditions, whereas forests and water bodies provided significant cooling effects. These findings highlight the dominant role of rapid urban growth combined with background climatic warming in driving thermal intensification in Finfinne and emphasize the need for climate-responsive urban planning and blue–green infrastructure to enhance urban thermal resilience.
Abstract: Rapid urbanization and climate variability are significantly altering land use/land cover (LULC) patterns and intensifying urban thermal stress in many Sub-Saharan African cities. This study presents a multi-decadal geospatial assessment of LULC dynamics and their impacts on land surface temperature (LST), urban heat island (UHI) intensity, and urb...
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Research Article
Political Intolerance as a Risk Factor of War and Conflict in Mozambique
Osvaldo Francisco Zandamela*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
157-162
Received:
7 November 2025
Accepted:
13 January 2026
Published:
4 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sd.20261404.13
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Abstract: Being political intolerance a risk factor of war and conflict in Mozambique, it can be perceived as a process of denial, discrimination or even lack of respect for the way other people think or express themselves. This phenomenon may result from the rejection of people with deferent political, sexual, religious and ethnic orientations. Political intolerance is a phenomenon characterized by the hatred of a political, religious nature of those who think differently on a given subject and that can lead us to a violent conflict characterized by physical aggression, destruction of property and even the murder of others. Therefore, it poses the risk of war and conflict in Mozambique to the extent that, the Frelimo party that is in power for 50 years did not recognize the will of the people who massively voted for the presidential candidate Venâncio Bila Mandane and the Podemos party in the elections of October 9, 2024, that, after the announcement of the fictitious results that placed the candidate of Frelimo Daniel Francisco Chapo in advantage, the population manifested itself demonstrating its indignation demanding that the competent bodies the National Council of Elections, as well as the Constitutional Council to restore the electoral truth for the sake of Mozambican democracy. It is in this context that the present article seeks to discuss the likely factors contributing to the risk of conflict and war in Mozambique resulting from political intolerance. Now, for the realization of this article we used the bibliographic consultation of several works that address on the theme under analysis.
Abstract: Being political intolerance a risk factor of war and conflict in Mozambique, it can be perceived as a process of denial, discrimination or even lack of respect for the way other people think or express themselves. This phenomenon may result from the rejection of people with deferent political, sexual, religious and ethnic orientations. Political in...
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Research Article
Steering Public Administration Reforms: Toward a
Neo-Weberian State in Egypt
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
163-173
Received:
1 January 2026
Accepted:
22 January 2026
Published:
4 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sd.20261404.14
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Abstract: Egypt's public administration has seen a number of horizontal and vertical reforms during the last few decades, which have altered the nation's conventional paradigm. The problem is that these changes' practical and theoretical paths have diverged. The study reveals a historical pattern characterized by inconsistent logic, weak institutions, and limited capabilities by tracking the evolution of Egypt's public administration. Recent changes that have strengthened the executive branch's authority, militarized the government, and raised concerns about democratic regression have exacerbated these issues. The paper emphasizes how Egypt must improve democratic governance and state capability because these problems are enduring and getting worse. The results advance knowledge of the Neo-Weberian State (NWS) model's relevance and preparedness for nations like Egypt. Inspired by the NWS framework, the study also presents a broad agenda for achieving a more democratic and cogent approach to public sector change, providing scholars and policymakers with strategic insights.
Abstract: Egypt's public administration has seen a number of horizontal and vertical reforms during the last few decades, which have altered the nation's conventional paradigm. The problem is that these changes' practical and theoretical paths have diverged. The study reveals a historical pattern characterized by inconsistent logic, weak institutions, and li...
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Research Article
Assessment of the Impact of Periodic Markets on Traffic Flow in Akoko South West Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria
Adebola Oluwakayode Ogunade*,
Oluwaseun Olumide Owolabi
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2026
Pages:
174-186
Received:
17 January 2026
Accepted:
31 January 2026
Published:
5 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sd.20261404.15
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Abstract: Periodic markets play a critical role in rural and semi-urban economies in Nigeria, yet their spatial concentration and temporal intensity often generate transport challenges. This study examines the impact of periodic market activities on traffic flow in Akoko South West Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The problem addressed is the recurrent traffic congestion experienced on market days, which affects mobility, safety, and accessibility for residents, traders, and road users. The study aims analyse traffic flow conditions during periodic markets and evaluate the extent to which market activities contribute to traffic congestion among others A survey research design was adopted, using structured questionnaires, field observations, and secondary data. A total of 200 respondents comprising traders and transport operators were sampled across selected markets in Akungba, Oka, and Iwaro. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Results show female dominance in market participation (67.5%), with traders constituting the largest occupational group (52.0%). Public vehicles (42.0%) and walking (36.0%) were the dominant transport means. Traffic flow during market days was rated as congested or very congested by 72.5% of respondents, while 84.5% agreed that periodic market activities significantly contribute to traffic congestion. Increased vehicle volume (49.0%), parking problems (35.0%), and pedestrian congestion (16.0%) were identified as major causes. The chi-square result (χ² = 4.57, p < 0.05) confirms a significant relationship between periodic market activities and traffic flow patterns. The study concludes that while periodic markets enhance livelihoods and food distribution, they generate predictable traffic congestion. It recommends integrated market and transport planning, designated parking facilities, strengthened traffic enforcement, improved public transport provision, and sustained public awareness campaigns to improve mobility and safety on market days.
Abstract: Periodic markets play a critical role in rural and semi-urban economies in Nigeria, yet their spatial concentration and temporal intensity often generate transport challenges. This study examines the impact of periodic market activities on traffic flow in Akoko South West Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The problem addressed is the re...
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