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Research Article
Al-Baqillani and the Byzantine Palace: A Theological and Diplomatic Encounter in the 10th Century
Mehmet Nezir Ceylan*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
240-247
Received:
27 September 2025
Accepted:
10 October 2025
Published:
12 November 2025
Abstract: This study examines the theological and intellectual debates that took place between the renowned Ashari scholar Al-Baqillani and Byzantine clerics in the 10th century, offering an in-depth analysis of their religious, political, and diplomatic significance. During a period when the Byzantine Empire was entering a phase of decline, while the Islamic Caliphates were expanding their political and intellectual influence, these debates reflected the broader tensions between the two civilizations. The research explores Al-Baqillani’s dual role as both a theologian and a diplomat, emphasizing that his arguments not only defended Islamic theology but also served to reinforce the political authority of the Buwayhid dynasty within the Islamic world. The study addresses the principal theological issues raised in these debates—such as the nature of Christ, the doctrine of the Trinity, and Islam’s rejection of the divinity of Jesus. Through the examination of historical sources, diplomatic correspondences, and theological treatises, the paper demonstrates that Al-Baqillani’s defense of monotheism and critique of Christian dogmas were strategically positioned within the political dynamics of the time. Moreover, it reveals that these debates had a lasting impact on Muslim-Christian relations, shaping the intellectual discourse of the medieval period and influencing subsequent diplomatic strategies. By providing a meticulous analysis of these exchanges, this study illustrates how religious argumentation was employed not merely to assert doctrinal superiority but also as a tool for navigating the complex diplomatic landscape of the era. Situating these discussions within their political and cultural contexts, the research underscores the intricate role of theological discourse in the inter-civilizational diplomacy of the medieval world.
Abstract: This study examines the theological and intellectual debates that took place between the renowned Ashari scholar Al-Baqillani and Byzantine clerics in the 10th century, offering an in-depth analysis of their religious, political, and diplomatic significance. During a period when the Byzantine Empire was entering a phase of decline, while the Islami...
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Research Article
How Time Develops
Ismet Gedik*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
248-259
Received:
12 October 2025
Accepted:
21 October 2025
Published:
28 November 2025
Abstract: The most wrong thing in our traditions is that they misunderstand time. Time is considered to be a process that operates according to the ticks given by an eternal being, and natural phenomena are considered to be the results that take place according to these ticks. All physicists, including Einstein, accepted time as an eternity indexed to the life of a divine power that created the world. If beings remained as they were when they were first formed without undergoing change and transformation over time, everything would have been created at once and would not have changed and transformed after that. In other words, the image of change-transformation called TIME would not have occurred. TIME is one of the concepts that people cannot understand. Because the concept of TIME has always been misinterpreted by physicists. The reason why physicists misinterpret the concept of TIME is that the constitutive force in nature has been misinterpreted. However, the development of forces that affect and direct substances is caused by chemical changes in the composition of substances and the energy transferred by these changes. In nature, every being perceives what to do and when and behaves accordingly. A sheep arranges when to mate and when to give birth by perceiving environmental conditions (to breed when grass is most abundant). When a plant blooms and spreads its seeds, it takes into account the climatic conditions. In the structure of each being, information about how it will behave, what and when it should be done, etc. are recorded.
Abstract: The most wrong thing in our traditions is that they misunderstand time. Time is considered to be a process that operates according to the ticks given by an eternal being, and natural phenomena are considered to be the results that take place according to these ticks. All physicists, including Einstein, accepted time as an eternity indexed to the li...
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Research Article
The Role of Germany, the United States, and Europe in Shaping Technology Policy and World Order
Amos William Omolo*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
260-274
Received:
9 September 2025
Accepted:
26 September 2025
Published:
3 December 2025
Abstract: This paper examines the technological influence of powerful economies exemplified by Germany, the United States and Europe in the shaping technology policy across the globe. These regions have emerged as critical players in establishing norms, standards, and policies that govern technology use and innovation with the rise of digital technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and cyber security issues. Rapid technological developments in quantum computing, biotechnology, AI, and advanced semiconductors raise serious concerns regarding their security, economic and societal implications; this is especially true at a time when the global order is mired in great uncertainty. Therefore, it is important to identify the main contributions of these outstanding regions and the specific ways in which they lead world policy issues in the technological space. It is notable that much is yet to be achieved in understanding the nuanced interactions among Germany, the U.S., and Europe concerning technology governance despite the extensive literature on technology policy and international relations. Therefore, this study took a qualitative research approach to analyse technology policy in the three regions to identify the patterns and trends in how they shape technology governance worldwide. The combined use of constructivist and international relations theories provided a functional theoretical framework through which the delicate balance between technological autonomy and multilateral collaborations is sustained among nations. By examining the relevant policies and interactions among the sampled nations, this study has provided a deeper understanding of how these regions collaboratively address the challenges and opportunities presented by emerging technologies.
Abstract: This paper examines the technological influence of powerful economies exemplified by Germany, the United States and Europe in the shaping technology policy across the globe. These regions have emerged as critical players in establishing norms, standards, and policies that govern technology use and innovation with the rise of digital technologies, a...
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Review Article
Comparative Analysis of Technology Development in Kenya, Estonia, and Mauritius: Pathways to Becoming a Digital Hub in East Africa
Amos William Omolo*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
275-286
Received:
19 September 2025
Accepted:
5 November 2025
Published:
8 December 2025
Abstract: This paper conducts a comparative analysis of technology development in Kenya, Estonia, and Mauritius, focusing on how these countries have established themselves as leaders in the digital economy. It employs document analysis as the primary methodology, examining government reports, regulations, pieces of legislation, and case studies to identify best practices and strategies that Kenya can adopt to enhance its digital economy. The findings show that unlike Kenya and Mauritius, Estonia has made digital literacy compulsory for all citizens. It has also employed a citizen-oriented strategy in service delivery. By putting the needs of its citizens at the forefront of digital programs, the Estonian government has developed an efficient and user-friendly digital ecosystems and solutions. PPPs are also more valued in Estonia and Mauritius than in Kenya. As a matter of fact, in the former two countries, private industries build while governments acquire and do the implementation, something that is missing in Kenya. The findings also suggest that compared to Kenya and Mauritius, Estonia has invested heavily in digital literacy, accountable and transparent digital ecosystems, and cyber security. This approach encapsulates e-government’s potential when implemented with robust, steadfast and clear commitment, infrastructure, citizen empowerment, and vision. Estonia views e-government as a vehicle for strengthening democracy and not just building technology; this is the foundation upon which its digital transformation is established. Kenya has made huge strides to make many of its public services accessible online. However, it still has room for improvement in terms of exploiting PPPs to explore collaborations with local and foreign entities.
Abstract: This paper conducts a comparative analysis of technology development in Kenya, Estonia, and Mauritius, focusing on how these countries have established themselves as leaders in the digital economy. It employs document analysis as the primary methodology, examining government reports, regulations, pieces of legislation, and case studies to identify ...
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Research Article
Cloud-Enabled on-Premises Business Intelligence Systems
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
287-297
Received:
12 September 2025
Accepted:
24 September 2025
Published:
9 December 2025
Abstract: The Research Focus was on Enhancing Precision and Novelty in Language Model Abstractive Summation. The primary focus was on refining the abstractive summation capabilities of the Cloud-Enabled On-Premises Business Intelligence Systems. In the body of text, the authors specifically explored techniques to enhance both the precision and novelty of Cloud-Enabled On-Premises Business Intelligence Systems. The authors conducted a thorough analysis of the Cloud-Enabled On-Premises Business Intelligence Systems to generate factually incorrect or irrelevant statements in summaries. Based on this analysis, the authors implemented several strategies to improve precision: Fact-checking mechanisms: The authors integrated external knowledge bases and fact-checking APIs to verify the accuracy of the generated content. Contextual awareness: The authors enhanced the model's ability to consider the broader context of the input text, leading to more accurate and relevant summaries. Evaluation metrics: The authors refined their evaluation metrics to include measures that specifically assess the factual accuracy and relevance of the generated summaries. They recognized the importance of generating summaries that are not merely paraphrases of the input text but offer new insights or perspectives. To address this, they explored techniques to promote novelty: Diverse sentence generation: They also encouraged a wider variety of sentence structures and vocabulary, reducing the likelihood of repetitive or redundant summaries. Semantic exploration: The therefore implemented methods to explore different semantic interpretations of the input text, leading to more creative and informative summaries. Evaluation metrics: They incorporated metrics that measure the degree of novelty and originality in the generated summaries. Building upon yesterday's achievements, they will continue their efforts to improve the precision and novelty of the abstractive summation model. Their future work will include incorporating user feedback. They will actively seek feedback from users to identify areas for further improvement and tailor the model's output to specific preferences. Exploring additional techniques: They will investigate other promising techniques, such as reinforcement learning and generative adversarial networks, to further enhance the model's capabilities. Expanding evaluation metrics: They will continue to refine our evaluation metrics to ensure a comprehensive assessment of the model's performance. By consistently focusing on precision and novelty, they aim to develop an abstractive summation model that generates high-quality, informative, and Cloud-Enabled On-Premises Business Intelligence Systems.
Abstract: The Research Focus was on Enhancing Precision and Novelty in Language Model Abstractive Summation. The primary focus was on refining the abstractive summation capabilities of the Cloud-Enabled On-Premises Business Intelligence Systems. In the body of text, the authors specifically explored techniques to enhance both the precision and novelty of Clo...
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Research Article
Need-fear Analysis: Addressing Underlying Motivations Crucial in Decision-making
Godofredo Lapitan Senires III*
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 6, December 2025
Pages:
298-305
Received:
20 October 2025
Accepted:
4 November 2025
Published:
11 December 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijsts.20251306.16
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: The Need-Fear Analysis Mapping Tool is a kind of an actor-oriented clarification analysis tool designed as a strategic framework to assist organizations, individuals, to address underlying motivations and deterrents that can influence their decision-making process. The Need-Fear Analysis Mapping Tool would not only focus on the “needs” of the actors, but also on the “fears” that can influences the decision. By mapping these elements, it will provide the actor with a much clearer picture or impending challenges that may hinder progress and can present a more effective approach or strategies to change the execution of their goal attainment. This kind of analysis tool visually serves as a “seesaw” to visually represent divergent factors of aspirations, requirements or desires of an individual or an organization against their anxieties and concerns related to a particular situation, problems or crisis. This “seesaw” effect pulls the argument in both directions. The challenge is to logically find the balance and weight of each side that can be crucial in decision-making. This is most applicable to any military organizations to properly and clearly map the situation, identifying other salient things to be considered to attain a more viable solution. Therefore, this Need-Fear Analysis Mapping Tool would bring focus, not only to the “needs” of the actors in any given situation, but also to the corresponding “fears” that should be equally considered by the actor as against the available means – all having influence later on the “options”. This should be the correct mindset that military organizations all over the world has to consider. “There is no stone unturned…” as the saying goes that will greatly influence the outcome of the situational analysis and attain a more complete and practicable solution.
Abstract: The Need-Fear Analysis Mapping Tool is a kind of an actor-oriented clarification analysis tool designed as a strategic framework to assist organizations, individuals, to address underlying motivations and deterrents that can influence their decision-making process. The Need-Fear Analysis Mapping Tool would not only focus on the “needs” of the actor...
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