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Research Article
Performance Assessment of an Aerated Biofiltration Systems Based on Coconut Residues
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 5, October 2025
Pages:
158-167
Received:
14 August 2025
Accepted:
22 August 2025
Published:
11 September 2025
Abstract: This study investigates the effectiveness of an aerated biofiltration process employing coconut-based filter media for the treatment of domestic wastewater. To achieve this, a semi-industrial pilot system was constructed, consisting of five biofiltration columns packed with different proportions of coconut fibers and husks. The experimental design included an initial 30-day acclimation phase to allow biofilm establishment, followed by a 60-day monitoring period during which the system’s performance was systematically evaluated. The influent wastewater, collected from a hotel, was first characterized and classified as urban wastewater with relatively low biodegradability, as indicated by a COD/BOD5 ratio of 3.94. The results demonstrate that the biofiltration system provided high removal efficiencies for several key pollutants. Turbidity removal reached up to 88%, while ammonium and nitrites were reduced by more than 75%. Similarly, reductions exceeding 70% were observed for total phosphorus and total Kjeldahl nitrogen. COD removal, however, remained moderate at around 50%, highlighting limitations in the system’s ability to eliminate carbonaceous compounds. Overall, the findings indicate that the coconut-based biofiltration process is particularly effective in nitrogen and turbidity removal, reflecting the suitability of coconut husk and fibers as sustainable filter media in decentralized wastewater treatment applications. Nevertheless, the study also reveals important constraints regarding carbon and phosphorus removal. These were attributed to the presence of refractory transphilic and hydrophobic organic fractions in the influent, as well as the limited availability of biodegradable carbon required to support complete phosphorus degradation. The outcomes of this research underscore both the potential and the limitations of coconut-based aerated biofiltration and provide insights for optimizing low-cost, nature-based treatment systems aimed at improving wastewater quality in resource-constrained settings.
Abstract: This study investigates the effectiveness of an aerated biofiltration process employing coconut-based filter media for the treatment of domestic wastewater. To achieve this, a semi-industrial pilot system was constructed, consisting of five biofiltration columns packed with different proportions of coconut fibers and husks. The experimental design ...
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Research Article
Analysis of Non-residential Solid Waste Composition, Generation, and Management Mechanisms
Abayneh Agumass Amogne*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 5, October 2025
Pages:
168-180
Received:
30 July 2025
Accepted:
12 August 2025
Published:
23 September 2025
Abstract: Although it is crucial to characterize, quantify, and assess the current management mechanisms used by solid waste generators to ensure effective solid waste management, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding non-residential solid waste in developing countries, such as Ethiopia, particularly in Dangila town. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the composition, generation and management mechanisms of non-residential solid waste for Dangila town. To achieve this, data were collected for seven days, using interviews, group discussions, field observations, and measurements. The study found that food waste was the most significant portion in hotels, cafés, and restaurants, comprising 40.51% and 54.98%, respectively. The estimated solid waste generation rates per facility for hotels, kiosks, and cafes & restaurants were 17.52, 0.97, and 2.11 kg/day, respectively. The solid waste produced by the generators was collected fragmentally, and they did not use an environmentally friendly, socially acceptable, or aesthetically pleasing solid waste management mechanism. The study concludes that the municipality should have a common solid waste collection system and a legal framework to manage the solid waste generated from commercial and institutional centers. It is also essential to apply an integrated solid waste management mechanism for the solid waste generated from these solid waste streams.
Abstract: Although it is crucial to characterize, quantify, and assess the current management mechanisms used by solid waste generators to ensure effective solid waste management, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding non-residential solid waste in developing countries, such as Ethiopia, particularly in Dangila town. Therefore, this study aimed to a...
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Research Article
Water Supply and Sanitation Crisis in Joragate Railway Slum, Khulna: A Study on Groundwater Quality, Hygiene Practices, and Health Risks
Sadia Islam Mou*,
Rita Paul,
Farhana Haque,
Sadhon Chandra Swarnokar
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 5, October 2025
Pages:
181-196
Received:
25 August 2025
Accepted:
8 September 2025
Published:
26 September 2025
Abstract: This study explored water quality, sanitation practices, waste disposal systems, and socio-economic conditions in the Joragate Railway Slum, located in Ward 21 of Khulna District, Bangladesh. Four blocks Greenland A, D, E, and F were selected and 300 households were surveyed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and simple random sampling techniques. Additionally, 14 groundwater samples were collected during the monsoon and winter seasons and analyzed for a range of physico-chemical parameters as well as microbial indicators were also tested. The results showed that while the water quality was generally acceptable, elevated sodium and alkalinity levels during winter raised concerns. Microbial contamination exceeded safe limits across all blocks, posing significant public health risks. The Water Quality Index (WQI) showed the water quality as generally good for drinking and domestic use, though hygiene practices and infrastructure gaps remain critical. Sanitation was inadequate, with reliance on pit latrines, child open defecation, and poor hygiene, though Greenland-F exhibited comparatively better awareness and cleanliness practices. The study emphasizes an urgent need for additional deep tubewells, improved sanitation, structured waste management, and public health education programs. Alongside, promoting hygiene awareness and proper waste disposal practices is vital for reducing disease risks and improving living conditions in this vulnerable community.
Abstract: This study explored water quality, sanitation practices, waste disposal systems, and socio-economic conditions in the Joragate Railway Slum, located in Ward 21 of Khulna District, Bangladesh. Four blocks Greenland A, D, E, and F were selected and 300 households were surveyed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and simple random sa...
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Research Article
Perceptions of the Environmental and Health Impacts of Effluents from the Mofolé Slaughterhouse (Mokolo, Far North Cameroon)
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 5, October 2025
Pages:
197-212
Received:
15 August 2025
Accepted:
1 September 2025
Published:
26 September 2025
Abstract: This article presents the results of a survey on the environmental and health risks associated with the effluents from the Mokolo slaughterhouse, located in the urban area of Mofolé. The study was conducted using random sampling, which included 262 questionnaires administered to 65 households, as well as 20 interview guides with the slaughterhouse managers, butchers, and representatives from services such as the Divisional Delegation of Environment, Protection of Nature and Sustainable Development (DDEPDED), Divisional Delegation of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries (DDEPIA), and the Municipality. The results indicate that 62% of the participants are women, reflecting the local demographics. It is also noted that 73% of the effluents lack any management system, and 99.6% of households report that the slaughterhouse's wastewater is discharged into their environment. Furthermore, 85% of the 221 residents living near the slaughterhouse use surface and groundwater for their domestic needs. The presence of pests is alarming: 92% of participants report seeing flies, 85% report seeing mice, and 78% report seeing cockroaches. Additionally, 63% of residents observe a degradation in the management of the slaughterhouse waste in recent years. These findings highlight the environmental and health risks associated with the effluents from the Mofolé slaughterhouse. Over 79% of disease cases reported in the last five years were linked to hygiene and water quality problems. Hence, emphasis should be laid on the need for a treatment system to ensure environmental and sanitary safety.
Abstract: This article presents the results of a survey on the environmental and health risks associated with the effluents from the Mokolo slaughterhouse, located in the urban area of Mofolé. The study was conducted using random sampling, which included 262 questionnaires administered to 65 households, as well as 20 interview guides with the slaughterhouse ...
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Research Article
Natural Attenuation of Heavy Metals and Explosive Residues at Military Demolition Sites in Agrarian Ecosystems
Gregory Odimgbe*,
Olukayode Akinyemi,
Babatunde Saheed Bada,
Amidu Olalekan Mustapha
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 5, October 2025
Pages:
213-221
Received:
27 August 2025
Accepted:
24 September 2025
Published:
27 October 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.20251405.15
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Abstract: This study investigated the natural attenuation of heavy metals and explosive residues resulting from military ammunition demolition activities in agrarian ecosystems of Nigeria, with Alamala serving as the primary focus. It examined the environmental and health risks associated with both historical and current disposal practices, evaluating the persistence and reduction of contaminants such as RDX, TNT, HMX, perchlorate, and various heavy metals. Seasonal and spatio-temporal sampling was conducted across soil, water, air, and vegetation in the demolition zones and surrounding communities. Samples were analysed for physicochemical parameters including pH, BOD, COD, TDS, and metal concentrations. The results revealed consistent patterns in iron and zinc levels, notable fluctuations in copper, and elevated concentrations of lead, particularly at the Alamala site. Seasonal variations influenced contaminant migration, with chloride and sulphate dominating the water chemistry. Explosive residues and heavy metals showed distinct attenuation behaviours across environmental compartments. Over a 90-day post demolition period, contaminant concentrations changed at varying rates, reflecting the natural remediation processes occurring in soil, water, and plants. Statistical analyses, including time series and regression models, identified compartment-specific attenuation rates and highlighted the complex interactions between environmental factors and contaminant behaviour. The study provided critical insights into the ecological impacts of demolition activities, contributing to informed risk assessment and environmental policy development in militarized agrarian regions.
Abstract: This study investigated the natural attenuation of heavy metals and explosive residues resulting from military ammunition demolition activities in agrarian ecosystems of Nigeria, with Alamala serving as the primary focus. It examined the environmental and health risks associated with both historical and current disposal practices, evaluating the pe...
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Research Article
Insight into the Changes of Urban Wetland Biogeochemical Functions in Rwanda: Variation of Nutrient Levels in Rubirizi Wetland, Kigali City
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 5, October 2025
Pages:
222-236
Received:
8 September 2025
Accepted:
18 September 2025
Published:
27 October 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.20251405.16
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Abstract: Wetlands are important in terms of supporting biodiversity, cycling of nutrients and the filtration of pollutants, but urban development is threatening the role played by these wetlands. This research projects the interaction of the concentration of nutrients and associated biogeochemical indicators over space and seasons in Rubirizi Wetland, Kigali City. The water was sampled on three occasions (inflow, midstream, outflow) between September 2024 and February 2025 and measured in terms of pH, COD, BOD, TSS, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Geospatial mapping determined the routes of flow dominance and possible sources of pollution. Findings indicate that the runoff and domestic wastewater are the major sources of pollutants: COD and BOD maximized at the inlet during the rainy season (mostly in November), whereas filtration adequacy in the wetland reduced COD/BOD at the outflow in the dry season. The highest TSS values were observed in high-runoff months and the lower ones were observed in drier months. High TN and TP at outflow points are signs of accumulation of nutrients and eutrophication. The majority of the parameters were within the WHO standards, and there were excesses of TN (September, November), COD (November) and BOD (some rainy-season and a few dry-season points). The trends suggest that there is a powerful seasonal effect and intense impacts of adjacent residential activities. We suggest specific wastewater control, local education, and regular surveillance to safeguard the ecological processes of Rubirizi and decrease the risk of eutrophication.
Abstract: Wetlands are important in terms of supporting biodiversity, cycling of nutrients and the filtration of pollutants, but urban development is threatening the role played by these wetlands. This research projects the interaction of the concentration of nutrients and associated biogeochemical indicators over space and seasons in Rubirizi Wetland, Kigal...
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Review Article
Role of Green Spaces and Blue Infrastructure in Infrastructure Development and Urban Resilience: A Review
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 5, October 2025
Pages:
237-246
Received:
29 August 2025
Accepted:
28 September 2025
Published:
27 October 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajep.20251405.17
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Abstract: As global urbanization accelerates, cities are increasingly confronted with multifaceted challenges, including climate change impacts, biodiversity loss, and the provision of essential ecosystem services. Traditional grey infrastructure, while foundational, often proves insufficient in addressing these complex issues. This research posits that strategically integrated green and blue elements - encompassing parks, urban forests, wetlands, permeable pavements, and sustainable drainage systems - offer a synergistic approach to infrastructure planning. These natural and semi-natural systems are not merely aesthetic additions but critical components for enhancing the functional capacity of urban environments. They play a crucial role in mitigating the urban heat island effect, improving air and water quality, managing storm water runoff, and fostering biodiversity, thereby creating healthier and more livable urban ecosystems. Furthermore, the integration of these natural assets contributes to a more adaptable and robust urban fabric, capable of withstanding and recovering from environmental shocks and stresses. The paper explores the theoretical underpinnings and empirical evidence supporting the deployment of Nature-based Solutions (NBS) within urban planning frameworks, highlighting their capacity to deliver multiple co-benefits that transcend singular engineering solutions. By moving beyond a purely technocentric approach, this work advocates for a paradigm shift towards a more holistic and integrated infrastructure development model that recognizes the intrinsic value and functional performance of natural systems. Blue infrastructure, such as restored wetlands and bioswales, further augments storm water management capabilities, filtering pollutants and recharging groundwater aquifers. Beyond hydrological benefits, green infrastructure contributes to social resilience by providing spaces for recreation, community engagement, and mental well-being, fostering social cohesion and a sense of place. Economically, investments in green and blue infrastructure can yield significant returns through reduced costs associated with flood damage, water treatment, and healthcare, while also stimulating local economies through green job creation and increased property values.
Abstract: As global urbanization accelerates, cities are increasingly confronted with multifaceted challenges, including climate change impacts, biodiversity loss, and the provision of essential ecosystem services. Traditional grey infrastructure, while foundational, often proves insufficient in addressing these complex issues. This research posits that stra...
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